UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


THIS  "O-P  BOOK"  Is  AN  AUTHORIZED  REPRINT  OF  THK 
ORIGINAL  EDITION,  PRODUCED  BY  MICROFILM-XEROGRAPHY  BY 
UNIVERSITY  MICROFILMS,  INC.,  ANN  ARBOR,  MICHIGAN,  1964 


REPU  BLIC  ATION 

• 


QONRAD'S,  T. 

FOSSIL  SHELLS 


OP  THE 


TERTIARY  FORMATIONS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


BY 

GILBERT  DENNISON  HARRIS. 


,     WASHINGTON: 
Hurus  H.  DARBT,  PRINTER, 
April,  1803. 


Sent  poat-piild  to  any  addrew  within  the  Poatal  Union  until  Nov.  1, 1803,  for  $3.00; 
After,  $3.50     Addrow  Q.  D.  Harrla,  Smlthsoniau  Institution,  WMhinyton,  D.  0.,  U.  8.  A. 


OF  CALIFQRffiA 


• 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Title  page —  1. 

Contents 8. 

Introduction  by  G.  D.  Harris 6-8. 

FOSSIL  SHELLS  OF  THE  TERTIARY  FORMA- 
TIONS OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  BY  T.  A.  CON- 
RAD.  VOLUME  1. 

No.  1.  Front  cover  of .... [9-10.] 

Title  page  of • [11. ; 

s;       Dedication  to  Morton,  (Original  form) [13. 

Preface,  (Original  form) [16-18/ 

Dedication  to  Morton,  (Revised  form) [19. 

Preface,  (Revised  form) [20-22. 

Introduction . [23-28. 

Descriptions  of  species  . . . '. [29-34. 

Plates,  1-6. 

Back  cover [35-36.] 

No.  2.  Front  cover  of [37-38.] 

Descriptions  of  species '   [39-46.] 

Plates,  7-14. 

Back  cover [47-48.] 

No.  3.  Front  cover  of . .  [49-50. 

Descriptions  of  species ....  [61-60. 

Back  cover [61-62. 

No.  4.  Front  cover  of [6*64. 

Description  of  species [65-72. 

Back  cover.'. p3-74.] 

"  RBPUBLICATION  OP  No.  3." 

Front  cover [75-76.] 

i  Map  of  Alabama  (geology  only  after  Conrad). 

Observations  on  the  Eocene  deposits  of  the 

U.  S [77-84.] 

Observations  on  the  Eocene  deposits  of  the 

U.  S.,  revised  edition  of [85-92.] 

Descriptions  of  species ....  , [93-1 1 2.] 

Plates,  15-18. 

•   Back  cover. [113-114.] 

Explanation  of  Plate  19 115. 

<*              «      <«      20 116. 

Plates  [19  and  20]. 

Index  by  G.  D.  H 117-121. 

fa 


INTRODUCTION. 

He  who  would  become,  versed  in  the  marine  Tertiary  geology 
and  paleontology  of  this  country  must  first  of  all  have  a  thorough 
understanding  of  Conrad's  FOSSIL  SHELLS  OP  THE  TERTIARY  FOR- 
MATIONS OP  NORTH  AMERICA  :  it  marks  the  beginning  of  system- 
atic research  into  this  period  of  our  continent's  history. 

This  work,  published  in  parts,  in  small  editions  and  subjected 
to  unusual  vicissitudes,  is  extant  now,  after  the  lapse  of  sixty 
years,  only  as  "  partial  "  or  "  fragmentary  "  copies.*  Such 
scarcity  and  incompleteness  in  a  work  that  cannot  be  ignored, 
render  its  very  existence  a  sorious  impediment  to  research  into 
the  subject  of  which  it  treats.  Therefore  it  is  believed  that  the 
present  volume,  including  as  it  does  all  that  Conrad  ever  pub- 
lished under  the  above  mentioned  title,  will  be  welcomed  by 
students  of  Tertiary  geology. 

Herein  the  pagination,  lining,  italicizing,  punctuation,  orthog- 
raphy, and  capitalization  correspond  throughout  with  Conrad's 
editions  though  the  exact  form  and  size  of  typo  and  page  could 
not  well  be  duplicated.  For  convenience  in  reference,  a  new 
paging  has  been  given  this  volume  as  a  whole  ;  the  numbers 
used  are  placed  at  the  bottom  of  each  page  and  inclosed  in 
brackets  to  avoid  confusion  with  the  old  numbering.  Moreover, 
an  index  to  genera  and  species  has  been  appended. 

The  following  brief  and  somewhat  miscellaneous  notes  relating 
to  dates  of  publication  and  other  important  matters  of  this  work, 
are  here  inserted  insomuch  as  it  is  believed  thoy  will  bo  found 
convenient  for  reference  :  V 

"  Aug.  27th,  1833.  Mr.  Lea  road  his  paper  on  «  Tertiary  For- 
mation of  Alabama  '  before  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  describing  202  species. 

*Tho  following  copies,  all  Incomplete,  huvu  boon  examined  by  the  present  author.  -That 
formerly  boloiitfliiK  to  F.  It.  Meek,  and  W.  11  hall's,  botli  now  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution; 
thut  formerly  owned  by  C.  A.  White,  now  W.  It.  (Uurk's,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  ;  tho  two  at  the 
WiiKner  Kre.'-  hint.  Si-i.,  uiul  the  oiut  itt  the  1'hila  Ao.  Nar.  So.,  Philadelphia,  i'a.  ;  the  one  ut  tho 
MUM  Nut.  Hint.,  N.  V.  :  that  at  tho  Mus.  Comp.  /o  •!.,  Harvard  Univ.  ;  (Jubli'n  old  coi»y,  now 
owned  by  B.  A.  Mniih,  TuHcaloosa,  Ala.  ;  Holmes'  old  copy  now  owned  by  T,  H.  Aldriuh,  Ilir- 

A  low  notes  have  been  obtained  from  four  inoru.  copies,  via.,  that  ow  nod  by  Oupt.  Votfdos,  that 


. 

ut  the  ('ill.  Au.  Nat.  Ho..  and  (lit)  two  owned  by  do  QrutfOnO,  1'alormo,  Mlolly. 
dipt.  Vourdes  .-lutes  that  t  here  Is  a  copy  ill  the  library  of  the  Blllott  800., 
IB  ulso  known  that  Otto  Meyer  UUB  a  oopy  in  New  V  ork  City. 


Charleston,  8.  C.    It 


Sept.  3d,  1833.  Mr.  Conrad's  work,  «  Fossil  Shells  of  the  Ter- 
tiary formation,'  presented  to  the  Library.  (Presumed 
to  be  to  No.  3,  inclusive.) 

Nov.  26th,  1833.  Dr.  Morton  presented  to  the  Library  the  4th 
No.  of  Conrad's  <  Tertiary  Fossils.' 

Dec.  10th,  1833.  Lea's  '  Contributions  to  Geology,'  (including 
his  paper  on  Tertiary  Fossils  of  Alabama,)  presented  by 
the  author." — From  the  Minute  Book,  Phila.  'Ac.  Nat. 
Sc.  See  Am.  Journ.  Con.,  vol.  1,  1865,  p.  190. 

A  brief  and  incomplete  bibliography  of  Conrad's  "Fossil  Shells" 
and  "Medial  Tertiary"  by  Otto  Meyer  occurs  in  the  August 
Number  of  the  American  Naturalist,  1888,  pp.  720-727.  Mr. 
Meyer's  information  was  apparently  derived  chiefly  from  an  ex 
amination  of  his  own  copies  and  thoso  at  the  Philadelphia  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences. 

In  his  "  Monographic  de  la  Faune  Koconique  de  1'Alabama," 
1890,  p.  7,  M.  Antoine  de  Gregorio  gives  a  very  careful  account 
of  his  two  imperfect  copies  of  "  Fossil  Shells,  &c."  He  first 
called  attention  to  the  fact  that  there  were  two  editions  of  pp. 
iii.-vi.,  No.  1. 

A  much  more  elaborate  account  of  Conrad's  "  Fossil  Shells,  &c." 
and  "  Medial  Tertiary  "  may  be  found  in  vol.  xii.,  Bull.  Phil.  Soc. 
Wash.,  pp.  215-239,  Jan.,  1SU3,  by  William  H.  Dall.  This  is  of 
special  interest  from  a  historical  standpoint  since  it  states  the 
circumstances  under  which  the  former  work  was  written  and  the 
causes  which  led  to  the  attempted  suppression  of  some  of  its 
Numbers.  Additional  notes  on  "  Fossil  Shells,  &c.,"  by  the  pres- 
ent writer  occur  in  the  April  No.  of  the  American  Geologist, 
1893.  The  following  also  contain  some  new  matter  : 

FOSSIL  SHELLS  OF  THE  TERTIARY  FORMATIONS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

No.  1.  Dated  October  1,  1832  ;  probably  about  the  true  date  of 
publication  ;  23  species  described  and  figured,  nearly  all 
post-Eocene.  There  were  two  editions  of  pp.  iii.-vi.;  pp. 
[13-16]  represent  the  original,  pp.  [19-22J  the  revised  ;  the 
date  of  the  latter  is  not  definitely  known.  (See  April  No.  of 
Amer.  Geol.,  1H93.) 

No.  2.  Dated  December,  1832 ;  description  and  illustration  of 
17  species  ;  about  one-half  Eocene  and  one-half  post  Eocene. 

[6J 


No.  3.  Dated  (front  cover)  August,  1883,  (back  cover)  August 
24,  1833  ;  presented  to  the  library  of  Phila.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci., 
Sept.  3,  1833  (see  notes  above)  ;  the  last  may  be  taken  as 
the  true  date  of  publication  ;  description  of  40  Claiborne 
Eocene  fossils,  plates  mentioned  but  not  given.  A  reprint 
of  this  and  the  following  number  was  made  by  Capt.  A.  W. 
Vogdes  in  1879. 

No.  4.  Dated  (front  cover)  October,  1833,  (back  cover)  Nov.  1, 
1833  ;  presented  to  the  library,  Phila.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.,  Nov.  26, 
1833  ;  the  last  may  be  taken  as  the  true  date  of  publication  ; 
description  of  77  Claiborne  Eocene  species,  no  plates. 

REPUBLICATION  OP  No.  3. 

Dated  March  1,  1835;  a  revision  of  about  two-thirds  of  the 
specific  descriptions  of  univalves  found  in  No's  3  and  4,  together 
with  new  matter,  accompanied  by  illustrations. 

The  Map. — Just  within  the  front  cover  of  this  edition,  Conrad 
placed  a  small  Travellers'  guide  map  of  Alabama,  on  which  he 
indicated  the  distribution  of  the  different  geological  formations 
of  the  State  by  various  colors,  as  follows  :  "  Primary  " — light 
red  ;  "  Carboniferous  or  Grauwacke  group  " — blue  ;  "  Bitumi- 
nous coal " — black  ;  "  Greensand  " — green  ;  "  Newer  Cretaceous 
strata,  a  link  between  the  Greensand  and  Eocene" — orange  yel- 
low; "  Eocene  " — pinkish  orange  ;  "  Recent  formation  or  bed  of 
Rangia  cyrenoides,  a  living  shell  of  the  gulf  estuaries  "—yellow. 

Between  pp.  [7G-77]  of  the  present  volume,  a  small  map,  about 
one-half  the  scale  of  Conrad's,  is  given  which  shows  part  of  the 
geographical  and  all  of  the  geological  features  of  the  original. 

Observations  on  the  Eocene  deposits  of  the  United  States. — The 
two  editions  of  these  "  Observations  "  found  on  pp.  [77-84]  and 
PI*.  [85-92]  respectively  of  the  present  work,  differ  but  little  ex- 
cept on  the  last  page  of  each,  i.  e.,  page  3C  of  the  original.  The 
former  is  the  more  common,  being  found  in  all  but  three  of  the 
copies  examined  by  the  present  writer.  It  was  published  about 
March  1,  1835.  The  edition  found  on  pp.  [85-92]  is  of  a  later 
date,  either  1836  or  1837.  Some  of  the  facts  substantiating  this 
statement  are  as  follows  : 

1.  Typographical  errors  like  the  omission  of  the  word  "to" 
between  "me"  and  "suppose"  on  p.  [78],  the  omission  of  one 
"s "in  the  word  "thicknes"  on  page  [80],  and  placing  an  "r"  in 

[7] 


the  word  "  speries  "  on  page  [83]  are  corrected  in  the  later  edition. 

2.  The  words  "  Saurian  family  "  are  replaced  by  the  compound 
"  Enalio-Sauri  "  on  p.  [91]  ;  and  the  word  "  shewn,"  p.   [84]   is 
replaced  by  the  more  modern  form  "  shown  "  on  p.  [92]. 

3.  The  arrangement  of  localities   under   "  Medial  Tertiary  or 
Older  Pliocene,"  p.  [92],  follows  no  special  geographical  order, 
but  is  the  same  as  that  under  "  Older  Pliocene  "and  "  Miocene," 
p.  [84],  with  the  word  "  Miocene"  stricken  out. 

4.  On  page  xv.  of  Conrad's  "Medial  Tertiary,"  published  in 
January,  1838,  he  remarks  regarding  the  relative  number  of  re- 
cent and  extinct  species  found  in  this  division  of  the  Tertiary  :  "  I 
was  formerly  led  to  believe  that  we  had  forty  recent  in  about 
two  hundred  species."     This  belief  "  formerly  "  held  by  Conrad 
(i.  e.,  prior  to  Jan.,   1838),  is  clearly  stated  on  page  [92]  of  the 
present  work. 

Therefore,  it  is  evident  that  pp.  [85-92]  were  published  sub- 
sequent to  Mar.  1,  1835,  and  somewhat  prior  to  Jan.,  1838. 

Plates  19  and  20. — These  plates  were  apparently  never  pub- 
lished in  the  strict  sense  of  the  word.  They  occur  bound  up  with 
other  matter  forming  a  so-called  "  Appendix"  to  the  copy  of 
"Fossil  Shells,  &c.,"  belonging  to  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoulogy  of  Harvard  University.  The  names  of  all  the  species 
but  one  have  been  written  in  with  a  lead  pencil  on  the  plates 
themselves.  Plate  19,  figure  1,  is  evidently  a  representation  of 
Cytherea  nuttallii  Con.,  and  accordingly.it  has  been  designated 
so  on  p.  115.  Plate  20  is  so  numbered  very  faintly  on  the  original. 

It  seems  quite  possible  that  these  plates  were  struck  off  as 
proofs  for  a  contemplated  Number  that  should  embrace  a  revision 
of  the  Claiborne  bivalves  similar  to  that  of  the  univalves  (Re- 
publication  of  No.  3).  Moreover  the  revised  form  of  "Observa- 
tions on  the  Eocene  deposits  of  the  United  States,"  pp.  [85-92], 
may  have  been  intended  primarily  to  accompany  this  Number 
which  never  appeared.  .GILBERT  D.  HARRIS. 

Washington,  April  6,  1893. 


[81 


VOL.  1. 


NO. 


FOSSIL   SHELLS 


THE  TERTIARY  FORMATIONS 


OK 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


ILLUSTRATED    BY    FIGURES   DRAWN  ON  STONE, 
FROM    NATURE. 


BY  T.  A.  CONRAD, 

Member  of  the  Aoad.  Nat.  8c.  of  Philada. 


CONTENTS. 


Area  limula, 

tab. 

1,  fig.  1. 

Fusus  trossulus, 

t.  8,  fig.  5. 

"      trans  versa, 

2. 

tetricus, 

6. 

"     Btillicidium, 

8. 

"     rusticus, 

4,         1. 

••     centenaria, 

.'V-:'--*- 

"     parilis, 

"   .      2. 

-  "     idonea, 

5. 

"     cinereus, 

3. 

"     incile. 

tab. 

2.  fig.  1. 

Buccinum  porcinum, 

4. 

Pectunculus  pulvinatuH, 

2. 

,M        laqueatum, 

5. 

subovatus, 

8. 

altile, 

6. 

Murex  umbrifer, 

tab. 

3,  fig.  1. 

Cypricardia  arata, 

t.  5,  fig.  1. 

Fusus  exilis, 

««         2. 

Cardita  planicosta, 

"          3. 

:V;-?V  sulcosus, 

8. 

Artemis  acetabulum, 

t.  6,  f  1. 

"     sirumosus, 

4 

PHILADELPHIA : 

Bold  by  JUDAH  DOBSON,  No.  108,  Chestnut  St. 
October  1,  1832. 


[9] 


FOSSIL  SHELLS 


or  THE 


THE  TERTIARY  FORMATIONS 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


ILLUSTRATED   BY   FIGURES  DRAWN   ON   STONE, 
FROM    NATURE. 


BY  T.  A.  CONRAD. 

Member  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  So.  of  Phllada. 


VOL.  I. 


PHILADELPHIA 
1832. 


TO 

SAMUEL  GEORGE  MORTON,  M.  D. 

MKMUEIl  OF  THK   AMERICAN    PHILOSOPHICAL  BOCIETY, 

COUUKSPONMNO   SECKETAUY  OK  THE  ACADEMY  OF  NATUltAL  SCIENCES,   OF 
PHILADELPHIA,   &C. 

In  publishing  the  fossil  shells  of  our  Tertiary  formations,  it 
is  a  pleasure  as  well  as  a  duty  to  inscribe  to  you  a  work,  which, 
whatever  its  merits,  would  not  have  appeared  without  your  en- 
couragement and  assistance.  Your  zeal  for  establishing  the 
Geology  of  our  country  on  its  only  permanent  basis,  organic 
remains,  has  added  a  valuable  series  of  American  fossils  to 
the  splendid  collections  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
to  which  I  owe  the  opportunity  to  figure  and  describe  nearly 
all  the  species  illustrated  in  the  following  pages  ;  but  I  sin- 
cerely regret  that  your  professional  duties  are  too  arduous  to 
permit  you  to  underta'ke  a  work  for  which  you  are  so  much 
better  qualified  than  myself;  for,  with  such  ample  materials, 
you  could  not  have  failed  to  render  it  acceptable  both  to  the 
Geologist  and  the  student  in  Conchology. 

T.  A.  CONRAD. 


|18J 


PREFACE. 

.The  vast  abundance  of  fossil  shells  which  characterize  the 
Tertiary  formations  throughout  the  world,  render  it  necessary 
to  devote  particular  works  to  their  elucidation,  in  which  accu- 
rate figures  may  enable  us  to  study  and  compare  them  under 
every  variety  of  geographical  distribution. 

In  Europe,  they  have  received  that  attention  they  so  emi- 
nently deserve  in  a  Geological  point  of  view,  and  particularly 
those  of  the  environs  of  Paris  have  been  accurately  figured  and 
described  by  M.  Deshayes,  and  Sowerby's  work  on  the  British 
fossil  Testacea  has  proved  an  invaluable  assistant  to  inquirers 
into  the  history  of  European  formations.  Various  memoirs  on 
subjects  connected  with  Geology  constantly  appear  in  the 
journals  of  the  day  in  Europe,  replete  with  interesting  details, 
and  illustrated  by  excellent  figures  of  organic  remains,  serving 
to  shew  and  to  excite  still  more  the  eager  curiosity  which  daily 
adds  new  votaries  to  this  fascinating  science.  To  endeavour 
to  awaken  in  this  country  the  same  laudable  zeal  for  extend- 
ing the  boundaries  of  scientific  inquiry,  I  have  undertaken  to 
condense  within  narrow  limits,  the  history  of  our  numerous 
species  of  Tertiary  fossils,  not  doubting  that  sufficient  encou- 
ragement will  be  extended  to  a  publication  like  the  present,  as 
works  of  reference  are  absolutely  necessary,  and  certainly 
the  details  are  more  valuable  in  this  condensed  form,  than  when 
scattered  through  one,  or  as  generally  happens,  various  miscel- 
laneous and  voluminous  journals. 

The  fossil  shells  of  the  older  Secondary  rocks  are  numerous 
and  very  important,  and  it  is  my  intention  to  publish  them  on 
the  conclusion  of  the  present  work,  if  I  be  not  happily  antici- 
pated by  some  abler  naturalist.  The  organic  remains  of  the 
Ferruginous  Sand  formation  have  already  been  illustrated  by 
Dr.  Morton,  who  is  about  to  republish  his  essays,  with  much 
additional  information  and  with  splendid  lithographic  figures  of 
shells  and  zoophytes. 

[15] 


*  VI 

The  beauty,  variety,  and  peculiar  character  of  our  Tertiary 
fossils,  are  such  as  to  recommend  them  to  the  notice  of  the 
mere  Conchologist ;  but  when  viewed  in  connexion  with  Geolo- 
gical phenomena,  they  will  prove,  in  consequence  of  their  vast 
extent  and  continuous  beds,  even  more  important  than  the  most 
celebrated  contemporaneous  deposits  in  Europe.  This  region 
has  scarcely  as  yet  met  the  eye  of  a  practical  Geologist,  since 
the  importance  of  extraneous  fossils  has  been  duly  appreciated, 
or  surely  we  should  have  had  a  valuable  detailed  account  of  the 
scientific  treasures  which  extend  almost  without  interruption 
from  New  Jersey,  inclusive,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Three  different  classes  of  organic  remains  will  be  remarked 
by  every  observer  of  the  formations  in  question,;  and  examples 
of  each  are  included  in  the  western  peninsula  of  Maryland. 
The  first  consists  chiefly  of  extinct  species ;  the  second  is  a  mix- 
ture of  extinct  species  with  others  still  inhabiting  the  coast  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  third  embraces  existing  species  alone.. 
It  is  but  lately  that  deposits  similar  to  the  latter  have  attracted 
the  attention  they  merit,  and  they  seem  to  prove  that  the  Ter- 
tiary formations  pass  insensibly  into  each  other,  and  that  a  new 
creation  of  marine  shells  had  gradually  taken  the  place  of  the 
old;  It  is  certain  that  the  lower,  or  oldest  of  these  strata,  al- 
ways form  the  western  boundary  of  the  newer  beds,  and  thg 
most  recent  strata  rest 'only  on  the  eastern  limits  of  this  mid- 
dle class  of  depositions.  In  those  localities  where  recent  and 
extinct  species  are  indiscriminately  mingled,  a  few  shells  occur, 
which  although  they  cannot  be  satisfactorily  referred  to  existing 
species,  resemble  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  excite  a  sus- 
picion that  they  may  be  varieties  occasioned  by  a  difference  of 
temperature,  &c.  between  the  ancient  ocean  and  the  present. 

The  banks  of  the  larger  rivers  of  the  Tertiar}r  region  contain 
incredible  numbers  of  shells,  which  are  profusely  scattered  on 
the  sands  beneath.  These  banks  are  often  high  and  perpendi- 
cular, composed  of  sand  and  clay,  so  very  friable,  that  immense 
masses,  loosened  by  the  frost,  frequently  fall,  strewing  the  mar- 
gins of  these  rivers  with,  the  Pines  which  skirt  their  elevated 
bluffs:  thus  at  a  place  called  the  Rocks,  on  James  River,  a 
few  miles  from  the  village.1  of  Smithfield,  it  is  difficult  to  walk 
along  the  shore,  when  the  tide  is  in,  in  consequence  of  fallen 
trees,  and  masses  of  clay  filled  with  innumerable  shells.  This 

[16] 


vii 

place  takes  it  name  from  enormous  indurated  masses  evidently 
broken  off  from  the  upper  portion  of  the  bank :  these  are  com- 
posed of  sand  charged  with  shells,  casts,  and  abundance  of  a 
small  species  of  Echinus,  rarely  occurring  in  the  inferior  stra- 
ta. 

The  Upper  Marine  formation  is  distinguished  by  a  multipli- 
city of  species,  chiefly  of  bivalve  shells,  for  the  univalves  are 
comparatively  rare  and  particular  species  occur  very  abundantly 
in  certain  localities,  which  are  rare  or  wanting  in  others  but 
a  few  miles  distant.  The  same  circumstance  is  observable  in 
the  habits  of  recent  species.  M. Marcel  De  Serres,  in  his  work 
on  the  Geology  of  the  South  of  France,  gives  an  interesting 
view  of  facts  connected  with  this  subject,  and  shews  that  even 
difference  of  seasons  may  have  influenced  local  depositions. 

It  has  been  remarked  that  organic  remains  found  in  cold  or 
temperate  climates  are  analogous  to,  or  identical  with  those  of 
the  tropics,  or  at  least  of  a  less  degree  of  latitude  than  the 
fossil  localities ;  but  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  some 
species  are  found,  in  no  respect  differing  from  shells  living  on 
the  coasts  of  Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts.  These  are 
associated  with  extinct  species,  and  embrace  Mactra  tellinoides, 
M. later alis,  Nucula  limatula,  N.proxima,  Lucina  contracta, 
L.divaricata,  and  several  others. 

The  recent  shells  have  been  sought  with  avidity  on  the  shores 
of  every  sea,  to  adorn  the  cabinets  of  the  curious  with  the  sym- 
metry and  beauty  of  their  forms,  or  the  brilliancy  of  their  co- 
lours ;  but  the  science  of  Geology  has  given  to  the  more  home- 
ly fossils,  a  charm  which  amply  compensates  for  the  loss  of  a 
portion  of  exterior  ornament,  inasmuch  as  they  are  mute  in- 
terpreters of  those  strange  revolutions,  of  which  the  memory  of 
man  has  preserved  not  a  solitary  trace.  They  chronicle  the 
various  eras  of  an  unknown  world,  where  one  ocean  has  re- 
tired to  give  place  to  another  with  its  peculiar  tribes  of  anima- 
ted beings,  whose  silent  eloquence  reveals  the  mysterious  ope- 
rations of  Nature,  when  the  sudden  elevation  of  mountains,  ir- 
ruption of  seas,  and  destruction  of  various  races  of  animals  and 
plants,  were  forming  in  the  crust  of  our  globe  those  numerous 
strata,  the  study  of  which  must  ever  be  an  inexhaustible  source 
of  pleasure  and  instruction.  Thus  have  long  periods  of  violence 
and  revolution  been  necessary  to  create  the  beautiful  variety  of 


viii 

the  present  surface  of  the  earth,  and  perhaps  to  prepare  it  for 
the  support  of  man,  as  all  these  changes  appear  to  have  been 
effected  anterior  to  the  existence  of  the  human  race. 

In  the  more  ancient  oceans  existed  animals  of  gigantic  size, 
no  living  anologies  of  which  are  known,  while  about  three  hun- 
dred species  of  Ammonites  floated  upon  the  surface,  or  lived 
in  vast  colonies  in  the  depth  of  the  sea ;  and  yet  not  a  solitary 
species  has  been  spared  by  those  revolutions  of  a  "  past  eterni- 
ty "  which  now  offer  to  our  minds  the  fascinating  study  of  re- 
lics, abstracting  us  from  the  present  and  leading  to  the  contem- 
plation of  a  former  world.  But  in  proportion  as  we  advance 
in  the  ascending  series  of  stratification,  we  find  the  organic  re- 
mains approaching  more  and  more  to  the  existing  order  of  na- 
ture, until  at  last  we  arrive  at  those  not  to  be  distinguished 
from  the  present  inhabitants  of  the  sea.  «*  Life  therefore  "  ob- 
serves Cuvier,  "  has  been  often  disturbed  on  this  earth  by  ter- 
rible events — calamities  which,  at  their  commencement,  have 
perhaps  moved  and  overturned  to  a  great  depth  the  entire  outer 
crust  of  the  globe,  but  which,  since  these  first  commotions, 
tions,  have  uniformly  acted  at  a  less  depth  and  less  generally. 
Numberless  living  beings  have  been  the  victims  of  these  catas- 
trophies ;  some  have  been  destroyed  by  sudden  inundations, 
others  have  been  laid  dry  in  consequence  of  the  bottom  of  the 
seas  being  instantaneously  elevated.  Their  races  even  have 
become  extinct,  and  have  left  no  memorials  of  them  except 
some  small  fragment  which  the  naturalist  can  scarcely  recog- 
nize. 

"  Such  are  the  conclusions  which  necessarily  result  from  the 
objects  that  we  meet  with  at  every  step  of  our  enquiry,  and 
which  we  can  always  verify  by  examples  drawn  from  almost 
every  country..  Every  part  of  the  globe  bears  the  impress  of 
these  great  and  terrible  events  so  distinctly,  that  they  must  be 
visible  to  all  who  are  qualified  to  read  their  history  in  the  re- 
mains which  they  have  left  behind. 

"  But  what  is  still  more  astonishing  and  not  less  certain,  there 
have  not  been  always  living  creatures  on  the  earth,  and  it  is 
easy  for  the  observer  to  discover  the  period  at  which  animal 
productions  began  to  be  deposited. 

Philadelphia,  October  1st,  1832. 


[18] 


TO 
SAMUEL  GEORGE  MORTON,  M.  D. 

MK.MHKK   OF  THE   AMERICAN   PHILOSOPHICAL   SOCIETY, 

CORRESPONDING  SECRETARY  OF  THE   ACADEMY  OP  NATURAL  SCIENCES,   OK 
PHILADELPHIA,    AC.' 

In 'publishing  the  fossil  shells  of  our  Tertiary  formations,  it 
is  a  pleasure  as  well  as  a  duty  to  inscribe  to  you  a  work,  which, 
whatever  its  merits,  would  not  have  appeared  without  your  en- 
couragement and  assistance.  Your  zeal  for  establishing  the 
geology  of  our  country  on  its  only  permanent  basis,  organic 
remains,  has  added  a  valuable  collection  of  American  fossils 
to  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  from  which  I  propose  to 
figure  and  describe  the  greater  number  of  species  contained  in 
the  following  pages.  I  sincerely  regret  that  your  professional 
duties  are  too  arduous  to  permit  you  to  undertake  a  work  for 
which  you  are  so  much  better  qualified  than  myself ;  for  with 
such  ample  materials,  you  could  not  have  failed  to  render  it  ac- 
ceptable both  to  the  geologist  and  the  student  in  conchology. 

T.  A.  C. 


PREFACE. 


•  The  vast  abundance  of  fossil  shells  which  characterize  the 
the  Tertiary  formations  throughout  the  world,  render  it  neces- 
sary to  devote  particular  works  to  their  elucidation,  in  which 
accurate  figures  may  enable  us  to  study  and  compare  them  un- 
der every  variety  of  geographical  distribution.  ^ 

In  Europe  they  have  received  that  attention  they  eminently 
deserve  in  a  Geological  point  of  view,  and  particularly  those  of 
the  environs  of  Paris  have  been  accurately  figured  and  des- 
described,  while  the  greater  part  of  the  analogous  American 
fossils  remain  unpublished.  The  shells  peculiar  to  the  Green 
formation  in  the  United  States  have  been  illustrated  in  a  very 
satisfactory  manner  by  Dr.  S.  G.  Morton,  and  it  now  remains 
to -publish  those  of  the  Tertiary  beds,  in  order  to  complete  the 
works  of  reference  necessary  to  the  student  in  Geology. 

The  greater  part  of  the  deposits  in  question  evidently  agree 
with  the  Upper  Marine  of  Conybeare  and  Phillips;  but  fossils 
analogous  to  those  of  the  London  Clay  or  Calcaire  Grossier 
also  occur  in  this  country,  and  are  found  at  Fort  Claiboure  in 
Alabama,  as  well  as  in  some  parts  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  I 
have,  however,  examined  in  situ  those  of  James  river,  in  Vir- 
ginia, which  Mr.  Finch  has  referred  to  as  indicative  of  the 
London  clay,  but.  they  embrace  too  many  recent  species,  and 
are  entirely  deficient  in-  the  characteristic  genera,  as  Cerithivw, 
Rostellaria,  &c. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  that  so%many  species  still  existing 
upon  the  coast  should  be  mixed  with  others,  known  only  in  a 
fossil  state,  and  as  they  are  all  littoral  shells,  there  is  no  pro- 
bability that  the  latter  exist  in  deep  water.  It  is  true  that  a 
single  living  specimen  of  Cerithium  giganteum,  a  very  abund- 
ant fossil  in  the  vicinity  of  Paris,  was  taken  in  deep  water,  off 
the  coast  of  New  Holland ;  but  of  such  genera  as  Balctnus,  Os- 
trea,  Panopea,  &c.  we  would  expect  to  find  all  the  recent  spe- 
cies, either  inhabiting  shallow  water,  or  cast  ashore  by  storms. 


[20] 


The  great  extent  of  the  Tertiary  in  this  country,  will  supply 
us  with  fossil  shells  not  inferior  in  numbers  and  beauty  to  those 
of  'Europe;  for  it  extends  from  the  State  of  Delaware  coastwise 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  inferior  stratum  is  a  lead-coloured 
clay,  and  of  such  thickness,  that  no  excavation  appears  to  have 
penetrated  entirely  through  it.  Above  the  clay  is  a  bed  of 
sand,  the  thickness  of  which,  where  .it  encloses  organic  remains, 
is  very  inconsiderable;  in  some  places  it  is  extremely  fria- 
ble, and  in  others  indurated  and  mixed  with  comminuted  shells. 
The  fossils  of  both  strata  are  equally  abundant,  and  appear  to 
bo  the  same  in  both,  although  a  few  may  perhaps  occur  more 
frequently  in  one  than  in  the  other :  thus  the  Panopea  is  most 
abundant  in  the  clay,  and  it  is  an  interesting  fact,  that  the  in- 
dividuals of  this  genus  remain  in  the  position  assumed  by  the 
burrowing  bivalves,  that  is,  vertical,  with  the  anterior  side 
pointing  downwards.  This  proves  that  they  had  actually  bur- 
rowed into  the  beds  where  they  are  now  found,  and  that  the 
revolution  which  destroyed  them  has  not  affected  the  relative 
position  of  the  strata:  indeed  no  gtrace  of  violence  nor  action 
.of  an  agitated  sea  or  current,  is  perceptible  in  the  strata  as  they 
remained  at  the  final  recession  of  the  sea ;  but  prior  to  this  e- 
poch,  another  period  has  been  characterized  by  a  violent  agita- 
tion of  the  ocean,  as  the  matrix  of  the  present  race  of  fossils 
is  often,  in  great  part,  composed  of  comminuted  shells. 

The  fact  that  a  long  period  elapsed  from  the  commencement 
to  the  termination  of  the  revolution  which  exposed  these  sub- 
marine bods,  is  particularly  obvious  along  the  north  bank  of  the 
Potomac  river.  At  Fort  Washington,  fifteen  miles  below 
Washington  City,  the  fossils  are  more  elevated  and  have  a  dif- 
ferent character  from  any  I  have  observed  elsewhare :  they 
consist  chiefly  of  casts  of  extinct  species,  and  are  character- 
ized by  a  gigantic  Ciicullcea,  resembling  an  European  species 
and  the  Ostrea  compressirostra,  which  is  the  analogue  of  the 
European  O.bellovacina.  South  of  this  locality,  on  St.  Mary's 
river,  the  fossils  are  very  different  and  embrace  many  of  the 
common  existing  species  of  our  coast.  This  is  the  most  exten- 
sive of  either  of  the  Tertiary  beds.  The  last  deposit  of  marine 
reliquiae  consists  of  shells  now  inhabiting  the  coast  of  the 
middle  and  southern  States:  it  occurs  on  the  north  bank,  and 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac.  The  greatest  elevation  of  these 

[21] 


vi 

fossils  is  only  about  twelve  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
This  is  evidently  analogous  to  what  has  been  termed  the  new- 
er part  of  the  Crag  in  England,  and  may  be  considered  as  the 
equivalent  of  Brongniart's  Gravier  Coquillier,  the  effect  of  the 
hist  revolution  anterior  to  the  Diluvial  epoch. 

The  shells  of  this  formation  are 'sub-fossilized,  and  some  of 
them  retain  their  colours ;  they  consist,  in  Maryland,  chiefly  of 
the  Pholas  costata,  Mactra  laterally  Area  transversa,  Nassa 
triuittata,  Ranella  ca-udatu,  &c.  surmounted  by  a  bed  of  Ostrea 
Virginica,  Similar  deposits  occur  in  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina ;  and  Brongniart  has  enumerated  many  localities  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  characterized  by  species  which  exist  in  the 
neighbouring  seas.  One  of  the  most  interesting  of  these  beds 
occurs  on  the  coast  of  Valparaiso,  and  consists  of  an  entire 
bank  of  the  remarkable  shell  called  Coucholepan,  which  still 
inhabits  the  adjacent  sea.  A  great  part  of  this  same  coast 
was  suddenly  elevated  in  1822,  exposing  Oysters  and  Mytili, 
attached  to  rocks  then  elevated  from  the  sea ;  hence  it  becomes 
interesting  to  inquire  whether  or  no  similar  causes,  acting  with 
greater  force  and  extent  in  the  ancient  world,  may  not  have 
been  adequate  to  upraise  the  various  beds  of  organic  remains 
to  their  present  level  above  the  ocean. 

With  regard  to  the  lowest  of  the  Tertiary  beds  containing 
organic  remains,  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Washington,  I  may 
remark  that  they  are  probably  cotemporaneous  with  the  supe- 
rior strata  of  the  Terrains  Tritouit'iis  (Calcaire  grossier)  of 
Bronghiart.  A  characteristic  shell  of  this  formation  is  the  Ve- 
nerica-dia  planicosta  of  Lamarck,  a  species  I  have  discovered 
in  the  deposit  above  mentioned,  which  also  abounds  in  a  largo 
Turrit  ella,  never  occurring  in  the  upper  or  more  recent  beds. 


The 


banks  of  the  Potomac,  Kappahannock,  James  river  and 


their  tributaries,  present  in  many  places  the  same  interesting 
Geological  features;  being  abrupt,  composed  of  sand  and  clay 
filled  with  testaceous  relics,  and  so  very  friable,  that  immense 
masses,  loosed  by  the  frost,  frequently  fall,  strewing  the  mar- 
gins of  these  rivers  with  the  Pines  which  skirt  their  elevated 
banksj  thus  at  a  place  called  the  Rocks,  on  James  River,  a 
few  miles  from  the  village  of  Smithfeld,  it  is  difficult  to  walk 
along  the  shore  when  the  tide  is  in,  on  account  of  the  fallen 
trees,  and  masses  of  clay  filled  with  innumerable  shells.  This 

Aote.-Puires  vii  uiul  vill  of  this  form  of  the  Preface  uro  Idt-ntlcul  with  i»i>.  [17J  ana  11H]7 

[22] 


INTRODUCTION 


BRIKF    VIEW    OF.  THE   TERTIARY    FORMATIONS   OF   THE 
UNITED   STATES. 

SVN.    Supercretaceous  group;  DvlaBcche.   Superior  order,  Conybeare  and 
Phillips.     Terrains  ize'miens  tfial'asiques,  A/.  Brongnidrt. 

'  Each  of  these  great  classes  is  again,  divided  into  a  number  of 
subordinate  deposits,  denominated  formations,  of  which  the 
Tertiary  appears  to  possess  three,  called,  in  Europe,  the  Upper 
Marine,  London  Clay  and  Plastic  Clay  formations.  The  last 
two  of  these  names  are  very  exceptionable,  the  one  being  local 
and  the  other  far  from  descriptive.  .  It  is  therefore  proposed  in 
the  following  work  to  speak  of  the  three  formations  according 
to  the  order  of  their  succession,  and,  at  the  suggestion  of  a 
friend,  to  call  them  the  Upper  Tertiary  or  Upper  Marine,  the 
Middle  Teitiary  and  the  Lower  Tertiary.  The  relative  posi- 
tion of  these  different  formations  will  be  best  conveyed  by  the 
the  following  diagram ;  merely  premising  that  we  are  fully  aware 
of  the  objections  which  have  been  urged  against  these  divisions, 
and  that  we  adopt  them  in  the  absence  o£.a  better  nomencla- 
ture, as  possessing  a  very  convenient,' and,  we  believe,  a  natural 
adaptation  to  the  strata. 


Cha  ractcrhtic  fo»»ila. 


Localitie*. 


Alluvium 
Diluvium 

Gravlor    coquillicr,    of 
Jirong.  ('rag. 

Hours      of    terrestrial      ani- 

Slirlls,       all       of      existing 

Shells,    chiefly    bivalve,    all 
the      genera      and     many 
of  the  species  existing. 
Shells,      nearly     all      living 
genera,        but       generally 
extinct      species.        Large 
proportion  of   univalv. 
Beds    of    lignite    and  a  few 
marine  shells* 

Mouth  of  the  Potomac. 

Peninsula  of   Maryland,   and 
eastern    parts  of    Virginia, 
N.  and  8.  Carolina,  Qeorg. 
Fort  Washington,    Mil.,  Vir- 
ginia?   Vance's  Ferry,  8.  C. 
Claiborne,  Alabama. 

U  i)  p  e  r    Marl  n  e,    or 
Upper  Tertiary 

Middle       Tertiary      or 
London      Clay,       & 
Calcairu  grossier 

Lower      Tertiary,      or 
Plastic  Clay. 

Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Martha's 
Vineyard,  <&c. 

[23] 


10 

...?S  •  '    •-  "'  -   •--•     •:-'•• 

The  preceding  diagram  represents  the  series  so  far  as  it  has 
been  developed  in  this  country.  In  Europe,  the  Upper  Terti- 
ary is  not  unfrequently  alternated  with  beds  of  fresh  water 
shells,  mostly  attributable  to  a  lacustrine  origin.  No  such  ex- 
amples have  yet  been  noticed  on  this  side  the  Atlantic.  Again, 
the  European  Tertiary  is  based  upon  the  Chalk  formation ;  bu.t 
although  in  the  United  States,  no  Chalk,  minearologically  speak- 
ing, has  been  observed,  Dr.  Morton  has  shewn,  in  the  most 
satisfactory  manner,  that  we  possess  its  Geological  equivalent 
in  the  marl  of  Now  Jersey,  Delaware,  &c.  which  is  in  fact 
contemporaneous  with  the  Lower  Chalk  or  Ferruginous  Sand 
formation  of  Europe  ;  the  upper  mass,  or  Chalk  of  commerce, 
being  wanting. 

These  formations,  collectively,  form  the  Atlantic  margin  of 
the  United  States,  from  Sandy  Hook,  in  New  Jersey,  to  the 
peninsula  of  Florida,  from  whence  they  skirt  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico to  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi.  Of  the  Geology  of  the 
region  west  of  this,  very  little  is  known  ;  but  on  Red  River,  shells 
of  the  Ferruginous  Sand  formation  were  discovered  by  Mr.  Nut- 
tal  during  his  hazardous  journey  through  the  inhospitable  wilds 
of  the  Arkansas  territory,  led  solely  by  the  love 'of  Science., 
to  which  Ife  had  nearly  fallen  a  martyr. 

This  southern  portion  appears  to  occupy  a  much  broader 
space  than  is  observable  in  the  northern  sections,  but  the  order 
of  position  is  of  course  the  same  in  all.  The  same  formations 
appear  to  have  an  insulated  existence  in  Martha's  Vineyard, 
the  Elizabeth  Island,  Long  Island,  &c.  on  the  coasts  of  the 
the  Eastern  States.  The  tract  to  which  we  allude  is  called 
Alluvial  on  Mr.  Maclure's  geological  map  of  the  United  States ; 
and  although  the  name  is  incorrect,  the  geographical  bounda- 
ries there  given  are  sufficiently  accurate  for  general  purposes. 

Let  us  now  take  a  glance  at  the  several  subdivisions  of  the 
Tertiary  class,  together  with  the  Alluvial  and  Diluvial  deposits 
which  are  frequently  found  overlying  them. 

Alluvium.  This  name  is  applied  to  all  deposits  derived 
from  causes  now  in  operation.  Such  are  the  accumulations  of 
mud  and  other  debris  at  the  mouths  and  along  the  courses  of 
rivers ;  the  drifting  sands  of  the  sea  coast ;  peat  bogs,  &c.  &c. 
Of  all  these  circumstances  we  see  numerous  examples  through- 
out the  Atlantic  margin  of  the  United  States,  and  especially  in 

Ifc      ;•••"  [24] 


11 

New  Jersey.  "  These  operations,"  observes  Mr.  Mantell,  "even 
if  carried  on  upon  an  extended  scale,  are  manifestly  unim- 
portant as  agents  in  any  of  those  grand  revolutions  which  con- 
'stitute  the  principal  objects  of  Geological  enquiry." 

Diluvium.  On  the  greater  part  of  the  earth's  surface  are 
observed  beds  of  sand  and  clay,  with  rolled  pebbles  of  various 
sizes,  all  bearing  marks  of  the  action  of  a  violent  current,  which 
has  first  comminuted  and  rounded  the  fragments  of  rocks,  and 
then  strewn  them  promiscuously  on  all  the  other  formations. 
Thus  we  find  the  Diluvial  beds  lying  directly  on  the  Primitive, 
Secondary,  and  Tertiary  rocks ;  forming  what  has  been  termed 
the  mantle  of  the  earth's  crust.  The  Diluvium  frequently 
encloses  the  remains  of  large  quadrupeds,  which  appear  to  have 
perished  in  the  catastrophe  to  which  these  deposits  owe  their 
origin.  In  the  great  Atlantic  tract,  now  under  consideration, 
the  Diluvium  is  well  characterized  and  in  many  places  very 
extensive.  To  it  are  referred  the  bones  and  teeth  of  the  Mas- 
todon, found  at  Pemberton,  N.  J.,  and  in  other  places  farther 
south:  also  the  bones  of  the  elephant  exhumed  in  New  Jersey, 
North  Carolina,  &c.,  and  those  of  the  Megatherium,  in  .Geor- 
gia. By  some  Geologists,  these  remains  are  considered  to  be 
embraced  in  the  Alluvial  and  not  in  the  Diluvial  deposits,  and 
Mr.  Featherstonhaugh  shews  that,  in  reference  to  this  country 
at  least,  the  facts  are  in  favour  of  the  former  of  these  opinions. 

In  the  deposits  above  described,  but  little  order  or  regularity 
is  perceptible ;  their  various  contents  are,  for  the  most  part, 
indiscriminately  mingled  ;  but  those  which  form  the  subject  of 
the  following  remarks,  will  be  found  to  present  a  certain  and 
constant  order  of  superposition ;  particular  species  will  be  seen 
to  occur  in  some  of  the  strata,  and  to  be  wanting  in  others ; 
and,  by*  comparing  these  remains,  we  are  able  to  identify  a 
formation,  wherever  it  occurs,  and  to  refer  it  to  its  proper 
place  in  the  Geological  scale. 

UPPER  MARINE  FORMATION. 

We  adopt  this  formation  as  defined  in  the  admirable  work  of 
Conybeare  and  Phillips.  Its  existence  in  this  country  was  first 
suggested  by  Dr.  Van  Rensellaer,  and  it  was  afterwards  more 
specifically  examined  and  illustrated  by  Dr.  Morton,  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

[251 


12 

Mineralogical  characters.  These  beds  are  often  a  slightly 
argillaceous  yellowish  sand,  in  which  the  fossils  are  imbedded 
without  cohesion.  In  other  instances  the  matrix  is  hard  and 
siliceous,  obviously  composed  of  fine  sand.  In  others,  again, 
a  yellowish  or  gray  clay  forms  the  strata,  and  sometimes  all 
these  substances  are  variously  mixed,  but  the  lower  stratum  is 
invariably  a  lead  coloured  clay  or  argillaceous  marl.  Thefe  is 
mostly  some  intermixture  of  comminuted  shells, .  but  that  the 
fossils  of  these  beds  have  been  deposited  in  a  tranquil  -sea,  is 
obvious  from  the  extreme  perfection  of  the  shells,  and  the  con- 
stant occurrence  of  the  most  delicate  bivalves,  with  both  valves 
in  their  natural  connexion. 

Organic  characters.  Speaking  of  this  formation,  in  Europe, 
Conybeare  and  Phillips  remark,  that  "  the  shells  are  found  in  an 
excellent  state  of  preservation,  and  though  generally  in  a  con- 
fused mixture,  are  sometimes,  so  disposed,  that  patches  of  par- 
ticular genera  and  species  appear." 

"  Like  fossils  of  most  other  strata,  this  assemblage  of  shells 
manifests  a  peculiar  distinctive  character.  A  few  shells  only, 
which  may  be  placed  among  those  which  are  supposed  to  be 
lost,  or  among  those  which  are  the  'inhabitants  of  the  distant 
seas,  are  here  discoverable,  the  greater  part  not  appearing  to 
differ  specifically,  as  far  as  their  altered  state  will  allow  of  de- 
termining, from  the  recent  shells  of  neighbouring  seas." 

The  above  description  is  strikingly  applicable  to  the  American 
Upper  Marine  beds,  in  certain  districts,  but  in  others  a  large  pro- 
portion of  extinct  species,  and  such  as  inhabit  distant  seas,  are 
of  common  occurrauce,  and  manifest  a  difference  in  the  relative 
ages  of  the  deposits,  yet  none  of  those  which  I  am  now  consid- 
ering, exhibit  any  of  the  characters  peculiar  to  the  London  clay 
and  Calcaire  grassier.  For  the  present,  it  may  suffice  to  re- 
mark, that  of  all  the  species  which  these  strata  have  hitherto  af- 
forded, about  forty  are  specifically  identical  with  the  living 
Testacea  now  inhabiting  the  coasts  of  the  United  States  and 
the  islands  of  the  West  Indies.  A  considerable  number  of  spe- 
cies are  common  to  the  strata  of  Europe  and  America;  while 
some  of  these  very  shells  are  also  found  recent  on  both  sides 
of  the  Atlantic,  shewing  how  extensive  may  be  the  distribution, 
and  how  long  the  'duration  of  a  single  species. 

Geographical  distribution.     This    formation   first   appears   in 

[26] 


13 

New  Jersey,  south-east  of  Salem,  and  continues  through  all  the 
States  south  of  this,  forming  their  Atlantic  margins,  and  extend- 
ing from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  west  from 
the  sea. 

MIDDLE  TERTIARY  FORMATION. 

SVN.  London  (/lay  of  English  author*;  Calcairo  grassier  of  the  French. 

Mineralogical  characters.  This  formation,  like  most  others, 
presents  itself  under  various  Mineralogical  appearances ;  it 
often  exhibits  beds  of  silicious  sand,  of  a  brownish  colour,  and 
in  this  the  fossils  are  in  the  finest  preservation.  Another  variety 
is  a  friable  granular  limestone,  containing  comminuted  frag- 
ments of  shells,  and  indeed  is  sometimes  almost  wholly  com- 
posed of  them.  It  is  of  a  light  ferruginous  colour,  and  strongly 
resembles  certain  varieties  of  the  Calcaire  grassier  of  France. 

Again,  this  formation  presents  a  compact  tenacious  lime- 
stone, with  a  dull  granular  fracture,  and  replete  with  minute 
green  grains.  It  contains  a  large  proportion  of  clay,  and  though 
abounding  in  fossils,  these  are  mostly  mere  casts. 

Organic  characters.  "The  testaceous  mollusca  are  very  nu- 
merous and  beautifully  preserved,  often  retaining  nearly  the 
appearance  of  recent  shells.  There  are  very  few  genera  of  recent 
shells  which  have  not  some  representation  imbedded  in  this 
formation,  but  the  specific  character  is  usually  different,  that 
difference  being  often,  however,  so  minute  as  to  escape  an  un- 
practised eye  :  on  the  other  hand,  but  few  of  the  extinct  genera, 
so  common  in  the  older  formations,  occur  in  this;  so  that  it 
seems  to  hold  a  middle  character  in  this  respect  between  the 
earlier  and  more  recent  beds." 

Here  again,  the  analogy  which  exists  in  the  organic  charac- 
ters of  this  formation,  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  is  not  less 
marked  than  in  the  Upper  Marine  strata. 

The  Calcaire  grossier,  of  the  French,  is  a  coarse  limestone, 
more  or  less  hard  ;  some  of  its  beds  are  sandy  and  contain  green 
grains  of  silicate  of  iron.  This  division  of  the  London  Clay  is 
amazingly  productive  of  organic  remains ;  and  it  will  be  here- 
after shewn  that  some  of  its  fossils  are  specifically  the  same 
with  those  of  the  contemporaneous  deposits  of  this  country. 

Geographical  distribution.  In  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Washing- 
ton, on  the  Potomac  river,  Maryland,  this  formation  first  ap- 

[27]         |«| 


^    14 

pears  to  the  north.  We  have  seen  fossils  peculiar  to  it.  said  to 
be  from  Virginia,  but  the  exact  locality  is  unknown.  It  occurs 
again  at  Vance's  Ferry,  South  Carolina,  and  at  Clai borne,  Ala- 
bama, where  its  fossils  are  in  the  greatest  abundance  and  best 
state  of  preservation.  It  is  also  very  interesting 4n  this  locality, 
from  the  circumstance  of  its  resting  on  very  white  friable  Se- 
condary limestone,  full  of  Xummulites,  and  containing  Ory- 
phcea,  &c.  which  again  reposes  on  the  Green  Sand. 

LOWER  TERTIARY  FORMATION. 
Plastic  Clay,  of  Englith  authors  ;  Argilc  plastique,  Hrong. 

Miner alogical  characters.  These  consist  in  alternating  strat- 
ified beds  of  sand  and  gravel,  of  various  colours  ;  in  these  beds, 
and  especially  in  the  clay,  Lignite  is  an  abundant  and  charac- 
teristic substance.  Iron  pyrites  and  Succinite,  Brong.,  also 
occur;  the  former  in  great  abundance.  Professor  Hitchcock 
has  lately  discovered  a  silicious  breccia  in  the  Plastic  clay  at 
Gay  head,  Martha's  Vineyard. 

In  France,  the  black  clay  and  Lignites  form  a  superstratum 
of  this  formation  ;  the  true  Plastic  clay  deposit  being  abso- 
lutely composed  of  various  coloured  and  seemingly  pure  clays, 
used  in  the  potteries,  and  containing  fresh  water  and  marine 
shells. 

Organic  characters.  Besides  the  Lignite,  a  few  casts  of 
marine  shells  occur  in  our  Lower  Tertiary,  apparently  referrible 
to  the  genera  Venus,  Tellina,  &c.  Professor  Hitchcock  has 
also  discovered  in  the  quartzose  breccia  mentioned  above,  bones 
and  teeth  of  the  shark,  crocodile,  &c. 

Geographical  distribution.  'We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  John 
Finch  for  the  first  detailed  account  of  this  formation,  in  Ameri- 
ca, which  appears  to  extend,  in  patches,  from  the  islands  of 
New  England  to  the  States  bordering  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Its 
most  obvious  localities  are,  Martha's  Vineyard  ;  Sand's  Point, 
on  Long  Island  ;  Bordentown.  Whitehill,  &c.  in  New  Jersey  ; 
Telegraph  Hill,  near  Baltimore ;  Cape  Sable,  in  Maryland,  and 
many  other  places  farther  south. 

All  the  preceding  formations  are  based  on  the  Ferruginous 
Sand  series,  and  Dr.  Morton  has  shewn,  that  so  far  as  his  in- 
vestigations have  extended,  no  species  of  fossil  shell  of  the  lat- 
ter formation  has  been  detected  in  the  superimposed  strata. 

[28] 


FOSSIL  SHELLS,  &c. 


AROA  LIMULA.     Tab.  I,  fig  I. 

Oblong,  sinuous,  rather  thin  ;  ribs  numerous,  crossed  by  striae, 
which  are  equally  distinct  in  the  interstices  ;  ribs  double  on 
the  posterior  side  where  they  alternate  with  fine  lines;  umbo 
angulated  behind  ;  hinge  area  narrow,  oblique,  and  transversely 
striated ;  basal  margin  contracted  near  the  middle ;  inner  mar- 
gin crenate. 

Localities.  Newbern,  N.  C.  common ;  Mr.  Nut  tall.  James 
River,  Va.  very  rare.  Upper  Tertiary . 

This  shell  has  a  greneral  resemblance  to  Area  ponderosa,  of 
Say,  but  cannot  be  confounded  with  that  species. 


ARCA  TRANS  VERSA.     Tab.  1,  fig.  2. 

Subrhomboidal,  rather  narrow  and  thin,  with  about  32  ribs  ; 
area  very  narrow,  with  two  or  three  undulated  grooves  ;  series 
of  teeth  nearly  rectilinear;  within  sulcated ;  margin  crenate. 
Syn.  ARCA  TRANSVERSA,  Say,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.  v.  2,  p.  269. 

Localities.  Newbern,  N.  C.  Mr.  Nuttall.  Suffolk,  Va.  in 
the  Upper  Marine.  Near  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac,  in  the 
Crag. 

This  species  still  inhabits  our  coast.  The  fossil  specimens 
are  larger  and  more  variable  in  shape  than  the  recent,  except 
in  that  deposit  which  I  term  Crag,  whenever  its  strata  are  al- 
luded to.  The  species  is  here  abundant  and  exactly  resembles 
those  found  upon  the  beach.  Mr.  Nuttall  favoured  me  with 
the  specimens  represented  in  the  plate. 


ARCA  STILLICIDIUM.     Tab.  I,  fig.  3. 

Subcordate,  inequivalve  and  rather  thick,  with  about  30  flat- 
tened ribs,  crenulated  on  the  larger  valve  ;  ribs  of  the  opposite 


[29] 


16  ;.."•.•:.• 

valve  plain,  except  those  on  the  anterior  side,  which  are  cren- 
ulated  ;  beaks  prominent ;  margin  profoundly  crenate.   • 

Locality.     St.  Mary's  River,  Md.     Upper  Tertiary. 

It  resembles  A.  incongrua,  Say  (A.  nodosa,  Wood.) 


ARC  A  IDONEA.     Tab  1,  fig.  5. 

Cordate,  inequivalve,  ventricose,  and  slightly  sinuous ;  ribs 
about  25,  narrow  and  crenulated ;  the  crenulations  most  dis- 
tindt  on  the  larger  valve;  beaks  very  prominent  and  distant; 
area  with  undulated  grooves;  hinge  with  the  series  of  teeth 
contracted  in  the  centre,  and  a  little  decurved  at  the  ends. 

Locality.     St.  Mary's  River.  Md.     Upper  Tertiary. 


ARCA  CENTENARIA.     Table  1,  fig.  4. 

Oval  or  subrhomboidal,  obsoletely  contracted  at  base,  with 
numerous  radiating  striae,  alternating  in  size ;  anterior  and 
posterior  margins  obtusely  rounded ;  beaks  approximate,  not 
prominent ;  area  much  contracted  and  transversely  sulcated ; 
series  of  teeth  decurved  at  the  extremities  ;  teeth  obsolete  under 
the  beaks ;  muscular  impressions  a  litle  raised,  with  a  groove, 
along  the  sides  ;  margin  entire. 

Syn.  ARCA  CENTENAKIA.     Say,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.  v.  4,  p.  138, 
t.  10,  fig.  2. 

Locality.     York  Town,  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 


v 

ARCA  INCILE.     Table  2,  fig.  I. 

Rhomboidal ;  ribs  about  27,  finely  granulated  and  alternated 
with  fine  lines  posterior  to  the  middle  of  the  valve ;  beaks  near 
the  anterior  end ;  not  prominent ;  apex  acute ;  area  with  trans- 
verse lines  on  the  anterior   portion,  behind  which  is   a   single 
oblique  groove  extending  from  the  apex  to  a  little  behind  the 
middle ;  series  of  teeth  rectilinear ;  margin  crenate. 
Syn.  ARCA  INCILE,     Say,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.  v.  4,  p.  139,  t.  10, 
•fig.*. 

Locality.     James  River,  near  Smithfield,  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 

This  species  varies  considerably  in  form,   and  young   shells 
are  often  deeply  emargmate  at  the  posterior  extremity. 

[80] 


17 

PECTUNCULUS  PULVINATUS,   Tab.  2,  fig.  2. 

Orbicular,  convex,  subequilateral,  with  numerous  radiating 
striae  ;  beaks  small,  central ;  hinge  edentulous  in  the  centre ;  in- 
ner margin  with  approximate  angular  lines  or  teeth. 

Localities.     York  Town,  Suffolk,  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 
Syn.    PECTUNCULUS    PULVINATUS,  Lam.  An.   sans  Vert.  vol.  6. 
p.  04. 

This  shell  is  very  common  in  France  .and  Italy.  Lamarck 
describes  three  varieties,  and  observes  that  he  believes  it  to  be 
anologous  to  P.  glycimeris. 

In  the  vicinity  of  York  Town,  it  is  washed  out  of  the  high 
sandy  banks,  accompanied  by  the  following  species,  from  which 
it  can.  always  be  distinguished  by  its  orbicular  form,  &c. 


PECTUNOULUS  SUBOVATUS,  'Tab.  2,  fig.  3. 

Suborbicular  or  sobovate  ;  inequilateral ;  with  radiating  sulci, 
becoming  obsolete  with  age  ;  'hinge,  with  the  series  of  teeth  cut 
off,  and  nearly  obliterated  in  the  centre,  by  a  rectilinear  line ; 
teeth  largest  on  the  shorter  side  of  the  valve  ;  marginal  teeth 
broad  and  separated. 

Syn.  PECTUNCULUS   SUBOVATUS,  Say.  Journ.  A.  N.   S.  v.   4,  p. 
PECTUNCULUS  VARIABILIS?    Sow.     Min.  Con.  v.  5,  t.  471. 

Localities.     York  Town,  abundant ;  Suffolk,  Va.     Upper  Ter. 

If  this  should  prove  to  be  identical  with  P.  variabilis,  it  will 
be  an  interesting  species  in  consequence  of  its  being  character- 
istic of  the  same  formation  in  Europe  and  America. 


MUREX  UMBRIFER.     Tab.  3.  fig.  1 . 

Fusiform,  with  6  foliated  reflected   laminae  ;  whorls   angular 
and  carinated  ;  aperture  obovate;  beak  recurved. 

Localities.     James  River  ;  York  Town.  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 


FUSUS  EXILIS.     Tab.  3,  fig.  2. 

,    Fusiform,   elongated,  with   longitudinal  undulated  ribs,   and 
revolving*strii*3,  acute,   elevated  and  alternately  smaller;   beak 
produced,  nearly  straight ;  aperture  half  the  length  of  the  shell. 
Locality.     James  River.  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 

[31] 


18 

FUSUS  SULCOSUS,     Tab.  3,  fig.  3. 

Pyriform,  ventricose,  cancellated,  with  revolving  crenulated 
ribs  ;  whorls  flattened  above  ;  beak  produced,  straight ;  right  lip 
striated  within.  « 

Syn.     PYBULA  SULCOSA,  nob.     Journ.  A.  N.  8.  v.  6,  t.  9,  fig.  8. 

Locality.    James  River,  near  Smithfield,  Va.     Upper  Ter. 


FUSUS  STRUMOSUS.     Tab.  3,  fig.  4. 

Fusiform  ;  cancellated  ;  body  whorl  subquadrangular,  with  re- 
volving tuberculated  ribs,  alternated  in  size  ;  whorls  of  the  spire 
striated,  and  tuberculated  at  the  angle  ;  beak  straight. 

Locality.     James  River,  near  Smithfield,  Va.     Upper  Ter. 


FUSUS  TROSSULUS.     Tab.  3,  fig.  T>. 

Fusiform ;  cancellated,  with  longitudinal  ribs  and  revolving 
stria',  alternated  in  size  ;  whorls  rounded  and  regular ;  beak 
short,  slightly  recurved  ;  right  lip  thick,  striated  within. 

Locality,     James  River,  near  Smithfield,  Va,     Upper  Tor, 


FUSUS  TETRICUS.     Tab.  3,  fig.  0. 

Fusiform ;  with  longitudinal  acute  ribs,  terminating  above  in 
short  spines  ;  whorls  angular  and  flattened  above  ;  beak  long 
and  recurved. 

Locality.    James  River,  near-Smithfield,  Va.     Upper  Ter. 


FUSUS  RUSTIC  US.     Tab.  4,  fig.  1. 

Fusiform ;  with  spiral  unequal  impressed  lines ;  whorls  con- 
cave above,  with  short  longitudinal  undulations  at  the  angle  ; 
margin  of  the  right  lip  plicated  ;  beak  short,  recurved. 

Fusus  KUHTICUS,  nob.     Joum.  A.  N.  8.  v.  0,  t.  i),  fig.  2. 

Locality.     St.  Mary's  River,  Md.     Upper  Tertiary, 


FUSUS  PARILIS.     Tab.  4,  fig.  2. 

Fusiform,  elongated,   with  longitudinal   ribs   or  undulations, 
and  ratjher  distant  revolving  subacute  ribs,  between  which  are 

r.32] 


10 

0  or  7  fine,  minutely  crenulated  or  wrinkled  striae;  beak   pro- 
duced and  slightly  reflected. 

Locality.     St.  Mary's  River,  Md.     Upper  Tertiary. 


FUSUS  CINEREUS.     Tab.  4,  fig.  3. 

4     Short  fusiform,  with  large  longitudinal  rounded  ribs  and  spiral 
elevated  lines  somewhat  alternately   smaller ;  beak  short  and 
slightly  reflected. 
Syn.     Fusus  GINEBKUS,  Say.  Journ.  A.  N.  S.  v.  2,  p.  23$. 

American  Conch.     No.  3,  t.  29. 

Locality.     James  River,\  near  Smithfield.  Va.     Upper  Ter. 

A  common  species  on  many  parts  of  our  coast,  frequenting 
oyster  beds,  to  which  it  ^has  proved  so  destructive  in  Haritan 
Bay,  that  the  owners  have  been  obliged  to  remove  certain  beds 
to  escape  the  depredations  of  this  little  univalve. 


BUCCINUM  PORCINUM.     Tab.  4,  fa.  4. 

Subovute  acute,  thick,  with  numerous  slight  longitudinal  un- 
dulations, and  sphal  little  ^elevated  strii»j;  body  whorl  ventri- 
cose;  spire  tapering   and   acute   at  the  apex;  aperture  rather 
small ;  right  lip  striated  'within. 
Syn.     BUCCINUM  PORCINUM,  Say,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.  v.  4,  p.  120. 

Locality.     York  Town,  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 


BUCCINUM  LAQUEATUM.     Tab.  4,  fig.  T>. 

Ovate  conical,  with  spiral  strioe,  and  minute  spiral  lines  be- 
tween ;  ribs  or  folds  elevated,  subacute,  obsolete  on  the  inferior 
half  of  the  body  whorl. 

Locality.    James  River,  near  Smithfield,  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 


BUCCINUM  ALTILE.     Tab.  4,  fig.  C. 

Subovate,  with  numerous  longitudinal  undulations  and  obtuse 
spiral  striiu ;  body  whorl  rather  ventricoso;  spire  conical:  apex 
obtuse. 

Locality.     James  River,  near  Smithfield,  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 


20 

CYPRICARDIA  ARATA.     Tab.  5,  fig.  1. 

Oblong,  with  about  15  profoundly  elevated  scaly  ribs  ;  dorsal 
and  basal  margins  parallel  ;  anterior  side  very  short ;  posterior 
margin  oblique,  angular  above  ;  inner  margin  crenate. 

Localities.  Newbern,  N.  C.  Mr.  Nuttall;  James  River,  near 
Smithfield,  and  York  Town,  Va.  ;  near  Easton,  Md.  ;  Cumber- 
land county,  N.  J. 


CARDITA  PLANICOSTA.     Tab.  5,  fig.  2. 

Cordate;  ribs  about  22,  broad  and  flattened,  separated  by  a 
narrow  groove  which  becomes  obsolete  at  the  base  ;  ribs  near 
the  posterior  end  narrow,  indistinct,  and  crossed  by  numerous 
strong  wrinkles  ;  lunule  small,  cordate,  profoundly  impressed  ; 
inner  margin  crenate. 

Syn.  VENERICARDIA  PLANICOSTA,  Lam.  An.  des  Mus.  v.  9,  pi. 
31,  fig.  10.  An.  sans  vert.  v.  5,  p.  609.  Sowerby. 
Min.  Conch,  v.  1,  t.  50. 

Localities.     Piscataway,  Md.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Middle  Ter.* 
This  characteristic  fossil  is  found  in   the   equivalents  of  the 
London    Clary,  in  England,  France,  Italy,  Piedmont,  and  Flor- 
ence.    Lam.     The  figure  is  from  an  individual  found  in  Mary- 
land ;  those  from  Alabama  are  smaller  and  more  perfect. 


ARTEMIS  ACETABULUM.     Tabf  6,  fig.  \. 

Lentiform,  with  numerous  concentric  stria?,  which  are  rather 
sharp  and  elevated  on  the  anterior  and  posterior  sides  ;  cardinal 
fosset  large,  oblong,  profound  ;  with  age,  almost  obliterating  the 
posterior  tooth  ;  right  valve  with  three  teeth,  the  posterior  one 
long  and  sulcated  longitudinally  ;  two  anterior  teeth  approxi- 
mate ;  left  valve  with  four  teeth,  three  of  them  distant  ;  the  an- 
terior tooth  somewhat  pyramidal  and  entering  a  groove  formed 
by  two  slight  elevations  in  the  opposite  valve. 

Localities.  St.  Mary's  River,  and  Easton,  Md.  ;  James  River, 
near  Smithfield,  and  Suffolk,  Va.  Upper  Tertiary. 

This  shell  has  been  confounded  with  Artemis  concentrica, 
(Cytherea  concentrica)  of  our  coast. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  still  referred  to  Cytherea  by 

[34] 


Plate  1. 


Plate  2. 


-c/./  /..' 


I'lute.S. 


.i 


/      /'* 

'.*« 


*m 


«fc 


Mute-  4. 


1 


• 


* 


VOL.  1. 


NO.  2. 


FOSSIL   SHELLS 


THE  TERTIARY  FORMATIONS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


ILLUSTRATED    BY    FIGURES   DRAWN  ON  STONE, 
FROM    NATURE. 


BY  T.  A.  CON  BAD, 

Member  of  the  Acud.  Nat.  Be.  of  Pbilada. 


Luciua  acclinis, 
Crassatella  alta, 
— -— — —  Marylandica, 

— — —  protexta, 

u  i  id  u  hit  a, 

iiu'liua, 

Turbinel  la  pyruloides 

Ancillaria  altile, 

— —  subglobosa, 


C 

t.  6,  fi 

7. 
8, 
8, 
», 
9, 
10, 
10, 
10, 

ONT 

i*. 

1. 

2. 

1. 

2. 
1. 

2. 
3. 

ENT8. 
Ancillaria  scamba, 

Mactra  delumbis, 
Pholadomya  abrupta 
Ostrea  radians. 
—  selheformis, 
Carolinensis, 
Virginiana, 

t.  10,  tig.  4 

10,  5. 
11. 
12. 

18,  1 

13,  2. 

14,  1 
14,  2 


PHILADELPHIA  ! 

Bold  by  JUDAII  DOBSON,  No.  108,  Chestnut  St. 
Pecember,  1832. 

IK.  P.  0<Wx>/w,  Pr, 


[37] 


- 


21 

many  athors,  but  the  hinge  differs  essentially,  and  has  more 
the  character  of  Lucina,  which  also  has  frequently  the  fosset 
under  the  apex.  Orbiculus,  Megerle,  Lentillaria,  Schumacher, 
Exoleta,  Brown,  are  synonymes  of  the  present  genus  which 
is  very  different  from  Artemis  of  Oken,  an  example  of  which  is 
Venus  pectinata  of  Chemnitz.  I  adopt  the  name  given  by  Poli, 
on  the  authority  of  Blainville,  as  I  have  not  seen  the  work  in 
which  it  was  originally  described. 


LUCINA  ACCLINIS.     Tab.  6,  fig.  2. 

Suborbicular,  or  lentiform,  a  little  oblique,  with  strong  lines 
of  growth  ;  hinge  with  2  diverging  teeth  in  each  valve ;  posterior 
tooth  of  the  right  valve  bifid  ;  anterior  muscular  impression  not 
profoundly  elongated. 

Locality.     York-town,  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 

This  species  I  obtained  only  in  a  very  circumscribed  spot, 
at  a  considerable  elevation,  in  sand  composed  chiefly  of  com- 
minuted shells.  This  calcarious  sand  prevails  more  or  less  in 
every  part  of  the  high  bank  at  York-town,  and  as  it  is  formed 
of  sliells  not  partially  decomposed  but  comminuted  by  attrition, 
the  fact  is  obvious  that  it  has  been  subjected  to  a  violent  action 
of 'the  waters  at  a  period  anterior  to  the  deposition  of  the  perfect 
shells  it  encloses,  which  could  only  have  been  effected  in  a 
tranquil  sea. 


CRASSATELLA  ALTA.     Tab.  7. 

Suboval,  thick  and  ponderous,  compressed;  anterior  margin 
obtusely  rounded ;  posterior  margin  broad  and  slightly  angular ; 
beaks  with  regular  concentric  grooves,  and  somewhat  angulated 
behind;  inner  margin  crenulated. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Middle  Tertiary. 

This  fine  species  is  allied  to  C.  tumida,  Lam.  but  is  propor- 
tionably  shorter,  and  the  beaks  more  central.  The  cartilage 
still  remains  in  the  valve  here  represented,  and  the  shell  is  in 
the  finest  state  of  preservation. 


22 

GRASSATELLA  MARYLANDICA.     Tab.  8,  /.  1. 

Ovate  oblong,  thick  and  ponderous;  posterior  side  narrowed 
and  produced,  with  the  extremity  slightly  angular  or  obtusely 
rounded;  umbonial  slope  subangular;  inner  margin  entire. 

Locality.     Choptank  river,  near  East  on,  Md.     Upper  Ter. 

This  species  is  very  common  and  perfect,  the  valves  being 
generally  in  their  natural  connexion.  It  is  distinguished  from 
other  American  Crassatellae  by  its  smooth  and  entire  surface. 

The  bank  of  the  Choptank  river,  where  this  species  is  found, 
is  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet  high  and  perpendicular  from  the 
water  when  the  tide  is  in.-  A  stratum  at  the  base,  about  twelve 
feet  thick,  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  bivalve'  shells,  the 
most  abundant  of  which  are  a  large  species  of  Cythereci  and 
the  shell  above  described,  neither  of  which  have  I  yet  seen  in 
any  other  deposit. 

It  is  remarkable  that  although  our  Upper  Marine  contains 
several  species  of  Crasfiatelhi,  all  of  which  are  abundant,  yet 
this  appears  to  be  the  only  genus  of-  that  formation,  with  the 
exception  of  a  Pholadoiuya,  without  a  living  representative 
on  the  coast  of  North  America. 

Blainville  observes,  that  this  genus  is  remarkable  from  the 
circumstance,  that  all  the  recent  species  w.hich  it  contains, 
eleven  in  number,  exist  only  in  the  seas  of  Australasia,  although 
there  are  seven  in  the  fossil  state  in  France.  De  France,  with 
some  doubt,  enumerates  twenty  in  the  inferior  Chalk. . 


CRASSATELLA  PROTEXTA.     Tab.  8,  Jig.  2. 

Elongated;  umbonial  slope  angular  or  obscurely  plicated; 
the  posterior  side  produced,  or  rostrated  with  age,  and  the 
extremity  obliquely  truncated ;  beaks  with  concentric  grooves ; 
inner  margin  crenulated. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Middle  Tertiary. 

This  fine  shell,  though  variable  in  outline,  is  distinguished 
by  a  length,  in  proportion  to  the  height,  unusual  in  the  genus, 
it  is  abundant,  and  a  single  valve  measures  2£  inches  in  length 
and  1  inch  and  3  tenths  in  height. 


[40 1 


23 

CRASSATELLA  UNDULATA.     Tab.  9,  fig.  I. 

Oblong  subovate,   much  compressed,  with  coarse  concentric 
lines ;  limbo   flattened,   and   with    regular   concentric   grooves; 
apex  subacute ;  inner  margin  entire.  • 
Syn.     CKASSATELLA  UJJDULATA,  Say.  Journ.  A.  N.  S.  v.  4,  pi.  xi, 

fig-  2. 

Localities.  James  River,  near  Smithfield,  Va.;  abundant; 
York-town,  Va.  Upper  Tertiary. 

Variety,  A.  Thick  and  ponderous ;  not  much  compressed. 
A  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  is  marked  St. 
Mary's  county,  Md. 

Young  shells  of  this  species  closely  resemble  C.  compressa 
of  Lamarck,  as  figured  in  Deshayes'  Coq.  Fos.  des  env.  de  Par. 


CRASSATELLA  MELINA.      Tab.  9,  fig.  2. 

Ovate,  thick,  not  compressed ;  anterior  margin  obtusely 
rounded ;  posterior  margin  oblique  and  angular;  dorsal  margin 
nearly  straight ;  concentric  lines  coarse  ;  umbonial  slope  suban- 
gular  and  scarcely  curved ;  beaks  with  concentric  grooves  ;  in- 
ner margin  entire. 

Locality.     Cumberland  Co.  N.  J.     Upper  Tertiary. 

This  shell  is  intermediate  to  C.  nndulata  and  Marylandica, 
but  is  perfectly  distinct  from  both.  It  occurs  abundantly  in 
the  tertiary  marl,  accompanied  by  Perna  maxillata  and  several 
new  and  interesting  species.  The  existence  of  this  formation 
in  New  Jersey  was  first  ascertained  by  means  of  some  fossils 
brought  very  lately  from  Stow  creek,  by  Mr.  Samuel  Griscom, 
who  has  since  accompanied  me  to  the  spot.  We  traced  it  several 
miles  north  of  Stow  creek,  and  in  one  instance  found  its  surface 
composed  of  a  bed  of  the  Ostrea  virginiana  or  common  oyster, 
erroneously  supposed  to  have  been  deposited  by  the  Indians. 
These  beds  occur  in  the  same  manner  at  Easton,  Md.  and 
except  in  the  Crag  on  the  Potomac,  always  present  fragments 
of  Pect'en  madisonius,  and  other  extinct  species.  There  can 
be  little  doubt  that  all  those  beds  of  oyster  shells  beneath  the 


[41] 


24 

superficial  soil,  and  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  on  the 
coasts  of°  New  Jersey  and  Long  Island,  are  referrible  to  the 
Upper  Marme  formation. 


TURBINELLA  PYRULOIDES.     Tab.  10,  fig.  I. 

Pyriform,  ventricose,  smooth  ;  with  obscure  spiral  striae  on 
the  inferior  half  of  the  body  whorl  ;  spire  very  short ;  apex 
slightly  mammillated  ;  columella  with  4  distant  oblique  plaits. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.  ;  very  abundant.     Middle  Ter. 

Mr.  Vanuxem  obtained  this  species  in  Georgia,  replaced 
by  silex  and  translucent ;  it  accompanied  a  species  of  Cytherea 
which  also  occurs  at  Claiborne,  and  probably  the  fossils  of  these 
silicious  beds,  when  further  examined,  will  enable  us  to  refer 
them  to  the  middle  tertiary.  This  formation  extends  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  as  I  have  lately  ascertained  by  means  of  spe- 
cimens of  ferruginous  marl,  sent,  by  Judge  Bry  of  Louisiana, 
from  a  locality  on  the  Ouachitta  river.  They  were  presented 
to  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  and  are  almost  entire- 
ly composed  of  a  species  of  Corbula,  very  common  and  charac- 
teristic, in  the  sandy  deposits  at  Claiborne,  and  hardly  to  be 
distinguished  from  C.  angustata  of  Sowerby,  figured  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Geological  Society. 


ANCILLARIA  ALTILE.     Tab.  10,  fig.  2. 

Obovate  acute  ;  body  whorl  ventricose ;  spire  rather  abruptly 
contracted,  subulate  towards  the  apex  which  is  acute  ;  suture 
obsolete;  columella  callous,  much  thickened  and  projecting 
above. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Middle  Tertiary. 

The  genus  AnciUaria  appears  to  be  very  characteristic  of  the 
equivalents  of  the  London  Clay,  most  of  the  known  species  ap- 
pertaining to  that  formation.  In  the  superior  beds  I  have  not 
detected  a  single  species,  nor  does  any  exist  upon  our  coast. 


[42] 


25 

ANCILLARIA  8UBGLOBOSA.     Table  10,  Jig.  3. 

Subglobose  or  suboval;  spire  convex,  with  the  tip  suddenly 
exserted  and  subulate  ;  apex  acute ;  suture  obsolete ;  columella 
profoundly  callous,  and  projecting  in  the  middle. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Middle  Tertiary. 

This  singular  species  is  perhaps  the  most  'ventricose  of  the 
genus,  but  has  all  the  characters  of  Ancillafia.  As  several  in- 
dividuals were  sent  among  other  shells  collected  at  random, 
they  are  probably  abundant. 


ANCILLARIA  SCAMBA.     Tab.  10,  Jig.  4. 

•  Subulate,  turreted ;  spire  elevated ;  suture  obsolete  ;  columel- 
la concave  and  callous ;  aperture  about  half  the  length  of  the 
shell  and  effuse  at  the  base ;  right  lip  emarginate  at  the  superior 
termination  ;  callus  at  the  base  elevated  and  defined  by  two 
angular  lines. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Middle  Tertiary. 


ANCILLARIA  STAMINEA.     Tab.  10,  Jig.  5. 

Cylindrical,  with  strong  longitudinal  lines  and  minute  re- 
volving wrinkled  striae  ;  a  slight  elevation  crowns  the  whorls, 
defined  by  a  separating  line ;  spire  very  short,  apex  rather  ob- 
tuse; suture  distinct;  inferior  portion  of  the  columella  with  an 
elevated  profoundly  striated  callus,  above  which  are  three  or 
four  lines  revolving  to  the  base;  aperture  gradually  contracted 
above  and  effuse  at  the  base. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Middle  Tertiary. 

Of  the  species  described  by  Lamarck,  this  shell  approaches 
nearest  to  A.  canalifera.  These  two  species  do  not  correspond 
entirely  with  the  genus  Ancillaria,  as  the  aperture  is  much 
longer,  the  shells  are  striated,  and  the  suture  is  somewhat  chan- 
neled. They  might  constitute  a  separate  genus  by  the  name 
of  OLIVULA,  and  woukl  connect  Ancillaria  with  Oliva. 


[43] 


26 

MACTRA  DELUMBI8.     Tab.  U.=  = 

Suboval,  thin  and  fragile,  with  a  fold  on  the  posterior  sub- 
margin ;  urabo  prominent ;  beaks  nearly  central,  approximate ; 
lunule  much  elongated,  lanceolate,  slightly  impressed. 

La^alities.  James  River,  near  Smithfield ;  Suffolk,  Va.  Up- 
per Tertiary. 

This  fine  species  is  not  uncommon  in  the  blue  marl  of  certain 
districts,  but  is  so  extremely  fragile  that  entire  valves  can  rare- 
ly be  obtained.  In  the  banks  of  St.  Mary's  river,  Maryland, 
a  Mantra  has  been  discovered,  which,  so  far  as  a  very  imperfect 
valve|  admits  of  determining,  appears  to  be  identical  with  the 
present  species. 


PHOLADOMYA  ABRUPTA.     Tab.  12. 

Oblong  oval,  much  compressed,  with  from  three  to  five  sub- 
acute  distant  ribs  or  ridges  diverging  from  the  apex;  one  side 
rather  thick  and  strong,  rounded  at  the  extremity ;  the  opposite 
side  extremely  thin,  and  reflected,  with  a  truncated  margin ; 
muscular  and  palleal  impressions  distinct. 

Locality.     York -town,  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 

This  rare  shell  has  been  found  only  in  the  locality  above  men- 
tioned, where  I  procured  two  imperfect  valves,  and  Mr.  Finch 
informs  me  that  he  also  obtained  a  broken  specimen. 

The  genus  Pholadomya  embraces  but  few  species,  and  they 
chiefly  belong  to  Secondary  formations.  M.  Marcel  de  Serres, 
however,  has  detected  this  genus  in  the  tertiary  marls  of  the 
South  of  France,  and  one  recent  species  is  known,  which  is 
figured  in  Sowerby's  Genera  of  Shells. 


[44] 


.27 

OSTREA  RADIANS.     Tab.  13,  fig.  1. 

Oblong,  compressed,  lobed  and  flexuous  on  one  side ;  the  ribs 
numerous,  radiated;  beaks  very  small,  not  prominent,  pointed 
and  a  little  curved  laterally.  • 

Localities.  Vance's  Ferry,  8.  C.; .  Claiborne,  Alab.  Mid- 
dle Tertiary. 

This  elegant  species,  remarkable  for  the  regularity  of  the 
ribs,  was  found  in  the  former  of  these  localities  by  my  friend 
Dr.  Blanding,  and  others  have  come  under  my  observation,  from 
Claiborne,  where  they  form  an  entire  bed  or  stratum,  but  are 
almost  all  in  fragments,  firmly  united  by  a  calcarious  cement. 


OSTREA  SELLJEFORMIS,     Tab.  13,  fig.  2. 

Oblong,  convex,  thick  and  ponderous,  lobed ;  one  side  of  the 
larger  valve  profoundly  sinuous  and  the  opposite  side  gibbous ; 
smaller  valve  sinuous  and  little  convex ;  dorsal  margin  long  and 
slightly  arched,  with  both  extremities  obtusely  rounded. 

Localities.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Middle  Tertiary. 

This  singular  shell  does  not  vary  greatly  in  its  outline,  and 
is  very  unlike  any  other  species  of  this  country  with  which  we 
are  acquainted.  It  is  often  extremely  thick  and  ponderous. 


OSTREA  CAROLINENSIS.     Tab.  14,  fig.  1. 

Obovate,  oblique,  thick,  compressed;  superior  valve  flat;  in- 
ferior valve  convex,  with  concentric  imbricated  laminae  which 
are  transversely  plicated ;  beaks  broad  and  prominent ;  fosset 
large  and  defined  by  broad  prominent  lateral  ridges. 

Locality.     Santee  Canal,  S.  C. 

A  large  and  handsomely  plicated  oyster,  having  considerable 
resemblance  to  O.  compressirostra  of  Say,  but  the  beaks  in  that 
species  are  very  small  and  compressed,  whilst  in  the  former 
they  are  broad  and  prominent,  and  the  shell  attains  a  greater 
size  and  thickness  with  an  approach  to  a  falcate  form. 


[46] 


28 

Numbers  were  thrown  up  in  excavating  the  Santee  canal, 
and  f rom»its  abundance  in  South  Carolina,  I  have  given  the  spe- 
cific name  of  Carolineusis.  As  I  have  not  seen  it  in  situ,  and 
am  ignorent  of  its  accompanying  fossils,  I  cannot  positively  re- 
fer it  to  the  Middle  Tertiary,  to  which  it  probably  belongs. 


OSTREA  VIRGIN  I  AN  A,  VAR.     Tab.  14,  fig.  2. 

Obovate,  profoundly  plicated,  and  with  concentric  imbricated 
lamina",  superior  valve  flat,  plicated,  beaks  laterally  curved. 

Syn-.    OSTREA  VIRGINIANA,  Gmcl. 

OSTREA  VIRGINICA,  Lam.  An.  sans  vert,  v.  6,  p.  207. 

Locality.     Suffolk,  Va.     Upper  Tertiary. 

A  common  variety  of  this  species,  both  in  a  recent  and  fossil 
state,  and  fine  specimens  of  the  former  may  be  obtained  on  the 
coast  of  New  Jersey. 

As  a  fossil,  the  O.  Virginiana  is  no  less  variable  than  when 
recent,  and  occurs  in  a. stratum  with  but  little  intermixture  of 
other  shells,  which,  wherever  found,  constitutes  the  superior 
bed  of  the  formation  it  belongs  to,  although  detached  shells  may 
be  taken  from  any  portion  of  the  various  deposits.  Even  in 
the  Cray  it  exhibits  the  same  relative  position,  and  seems  to 
have  been  the  last  bed  deposited  by  the  waters  of  the  retiring 
ocean.  The  town  of  Easton,  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Mary- 
land, stands  upon  a  bank  of  these  oyster  shells,  which  in  many 
places  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town,  may  be  seen,  very  entire, 
and  mingled  with  the  superficial  soil ;  beneath  them  are  the  TerT 
tiary  marls,  containing  the  usual  characteristic  species,  but  so 
far  decomposed  as  to  be  scarcely  recognizable.  This  species 
is  also  found  in  various  parts  of  Europe,  and  is  considered  by 
Brongniart  as  a  characteristic  fossil. 

A  very- large  oyster,  probably  identical  with  the  present,  ex- 
tends in  a  continuous  bed  through  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Al- 
abama, and  Mississippi.  Mr.  Finch  considers  this  a  distinct 
formation,  and  terms  it  Calcaire  Ostree;  but  before  we  adopt  it  as 
such,  it  is  necessary  that  it  should -be  carefully  examined,  and 
therefore  a  detailed  account  of  it  will  be  reserved  for  a  future 
number  of  this  work. 


[46] 


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From  the  liberal  patronage  extended  to  similar 
publications  in  Europe,  and  the  interest  which  Geol- 
ogy has  excited  in  this  country,  the  author  of  the 
present  humble  work  was  induced  to  hope  that  he 
would  at  least  dispose  of  a  sufficient  number  of  copies 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  first  number  ;  but  he 
has  been  disappointed.  The  second  number  is  now, 
however,  offered  to  the  friends  of  science,  with  eight 
lithographic  plates  illustrating  seventeen  species,  fif- 
teen of  which  have  never  before  been  figured  ;  and 
the  author  begs  leave  to  state,  that  if  sufficient  en- 
couragement is  extended,  he  w^ll  include  in  twelve 
numbers  at  least  one  hundred  plates  and  three  hun- 
dred species,  a  much  greater  number  of  American 
tertiary  fossils  than  at  present  exist  in  our  collections, 
but  which  the  author  expects  to  obtain  whilst  on  a 
visit  to  the  Southern  States  in  the  course  of  the  pre- 
sent winter  ;  a  journey  which  he  confidently  believes 
will  furnish  novel  and  interesting  facts  in  the  Geolo- 
gical relations  of  extensive  beds  of  organic  remains, 
adding  greatly  to  the  value  of  his  present  publication. 

The   Third  number   will    appear   when   the   sale    of 
the  first  shall  warrant  its  publication,  and  the  work  . 
will  be  completed,  so  far  as  the  material  can  be  pro- 
cured, within  two  years  from  the  date  of  the  3d  No. 

Terms.     One  dollar  each  number. 


[48] 


1. 


NO.  a. 


FOSSIL   SHELLS 


THE  TERTIARY  FORMATIONS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


ILLUSTRATED   BY»  FIGURES   DRAWN  ON  STONE, 
FROM   NATURE. 


BY  T.  A.  CONRAD,       . 

Member  of  the  Aoad.  Nat.  8c.  of  Philada. 


CONTENTS. 


Yoluta  Bayana. 
Yoluta  potrosa. 
Fusus  trabeatus. 
Fusus  papillatus. 
Fusus  inauratua. 
Fusus  thoracicus. 
Meloiigeua  armigeia. 
Murex  cugonatus. 
Scalaria  nassula. 
Solarium  alveatum. 
Solarium  antrosura. 
Rostdlariu  velata. 
Oliva  Alabamensitf. 
Oliva  bombylis. 


Infundibulum  urticosum. 
Pyrula  penita. 
Fissurella  tenebrosa. 
Couus  sauridens. 
Marginella  larvata. 
Margiuella  crassilabra. 
Dentalium  thalloides. 
Volvaria  galba. 
Mitra  bolaris. 
Mitra  doliata. 
Buccinum  sageoum. 
Cauccllaria  gcmmata. 
Liiiorin-t  antiquata. 
Mclania  vctusta. 


Siliquaria  vitis. 
Cytherea  Poulsoni. 
Cytherea  Hydana. 
Cytherea  a-quorea. 
Cytherea  discoid  alia. 
Cytherea  perovata. 
Nucula  magnifica. 
,Arca  cuculloides. 
Corbula  nasuta. 
Astarte  callosa. 
Astarte  proruta. 
Plicatula  tilaiueutosa. 


PHILADELPHIA  : 

Bold  by  JUDAII  DOB8ON,  No.  108,  ChestuutSt. 
August,  1833. 

W.  P.  Gibbous,  Pr.  cor.  Sixth  and  Cherry  Sts. 


[49J 


29 

VOLUTA. 

1.  V.  Sayana.     PI.  16.  fig.  I. 

Shell  ventricose.  with  numerous  distinct  longitudinal  striae : 
body  whorl,  with  about  fourteen  longitudinal  undulations, 
having  two  or  three  small  tubercles  on  the  shoulder  of  each  : 
transverse  striae  numerous,  more  profound  near  the  base: 
spire  acute,  tuberculated,  .elevated ;  four  folds  on  the  columella, 
one  of  them  obsolete.  Length  2£  inches. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Bears  a  general  resemblance  to  V.  luctator,  Sowerby. 

'Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

I  dedicate  this  species  to  my  distinguished  friend  Mr.  T.  Say. 

2.  F.  petrosa.     PI.  15.  fig.  2. 

Shell  subglabrous  ;  body  whorl  marked  with  from  eight  to 
ten  longitudinal  folds,  terminating  oh  the  shoulder  in  com- 
pressed subacute  tubercles,  which  are  also  distinct  on  the 
spire:  transversely  striated  >at  base:  two  folds  on  the  co- 
lumella. Length  1}  inches. 

Locality,     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


FUSUS. 

F.  trabeatus.     PI.  15.  fig.  3. 

Shell  subfusiform,  ventricose,  with  revolving  elevated  striae 
at  the  base,  and  more  obscure  ones  on  the  spire:  body  whorl 
with  two  distinct  rows  of  tubercles,  humeral  one  continued 
on  the  spire.  Length  1|  inches. 

Locality,     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

2.  F.  papillatus.     PI.  15.  fig.  4. 

Shell  fusiform,  obliquely  striated;  beak  rather  long,  and 
subcylindrical :  shoulder  with  subspurious  tubercles,  spire 
short,  twisted,  mammilliform.  Length  about  1  inch. 

Locality,     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

3.  F.  inanratus.     PI.  15.  fig.  5. 

Shell     ventricose,     smooth,  unarmed;     puture    of    the   bodv 

[51] 


30 

whorl  somewhat  channelled  ;  spire  short,  pointed,  with  small 
tubercles  near  the  summit :  beak  slightly  curved,  rather  open. 
Length  1  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab.  >T^->" 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

4.  F.  thoracicus.     PI.  15.  fig.  6.     ' 

Shell  fusiform,  with  seven  or  eight  revolving,  elevated 
costse  on  the  body  whorl,  and  longitudinal  raised  •  striae  :  su- 
tures deeply  channelled :  whorls  six ;  two  costae  on  each 
whorl  of  the  spire.  Length  about  an  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Somewhat  resembles  F.  quadricoutatus,  Say'. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


MELONGENA. 

M?  armigera.     PI.  16.  fig.  1. 

Shell  subglobose,  •  ponderous ;  body  whorl  with  a  double 
row  of  short,  thick  spires,  one  on  the  shoulder,  the  other  near 
the  middle :  three  or  four  strongly  impressed  lines  towards 
the  base  :  columella  and  lip  callous ;  basal  emargination  pro- 
found, spire  subconical,  convex,  constituting  nearly  half  of 
the  shell,  the  humeral  spires  revolving  upon  it.  Length  2£ 
inches.  Breadth  2  inches.' 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


MUREX. 

M.  engonatus.     PI.  16.  tig.  2. 

Shell  thick,  fusiform,  transversely  striated,  umbilicated, 
with  six  angular  varices  on  the  body  whorl,  the  striae  passing 
•over  them;  whorls  six  in  number,  and  the  varices  continued 
in  direct  lines  to  the  apex  :  beak  rather  thick  ;  canal  narrow. 
Length  1£  inches. 

Locality,  Claiborne,.  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


[52] 


81 

8CALARIA. 

S.  nasaula.     PI.  16.  fig.  3. 

Shell  elongated,  with  eight  ventricose,  transversely  grooved 
whorls,  and  numerous  delicate  costae,  about  twenty  of  which 
are  on  the  body  whorl:  basal  margin  carinated.  Length  J 
of  an  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


SOLARIUM. 

1.  S.  alveatum.     PI.  16.  fig.  4. 

Shell  discoidal,  smooth,  with  two  revolving  striae  near  the 
sutures ;  periphery  of  the  body  whorl  acutely  carinated  ;  be- 
neath obscurely  striated,  with  an  elevated  carina  and  groove 
near  the  periphery :  umbilicus  with  conical  denticulations, 
Diameter  •§•  of  an  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

2.  S.  antrosum.     PI.  18.  fig.  1. 

Shell  convex,  subconical,  with  numerous  crenulated  lines ; 
periphery  of  the  body  whorl  acute ;  beneath  with  about  eight 
grooves,  in  each  of  which  is  a  slightly  elevated  line  :  umbi- 
licus large,  crenulated  upon  the  edge  of  the  whorls,  and  with 
a  distinct  elevated  line  on  the  middle  of  each  whorl  internally  : 
aperture  angular,  subquadrate.  Diameter  nearly  an'inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


ROSTELLARIA. 

JR.  velata.     PI.  16.  fig.  6. 

Shell  subfusiform,  longitudinally  ribbed  and  transversely 
striated,  but  often  coated  more  or  less  with  a  smooth,  polish- 
ed calcareous  deposit,  bounded  by  a  deep  groove  running  up- 
on the  spire  and  returning  towards  the  base  :  outer  lip  not 
expanded;  margin  thick  and  reflected.  Length  1£  inches. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S.  - 


[63] 


The  young  and  even  -the  adult  shells  of  this  singular  spe- 
cies are  often  without  the  calcareous  tunic;  sometimes  the 
latter  only  exists  partially,  showing  the  costae  around  it ;  and 
again  the  costae  are  occasionally  wanting,  probably  from  age. 


OLIVA. 

1.  O.  Alabamensis.     Pi.  17.    fig.  1. 

Shell  subfusiform,  spire  conical,  acute,  the  whorls  contract- 
ed, and  defined  by  an  impressed  line  above  the  suture.  Length 
\\  inches. 

Locality,  Clai borne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

2.  O.  bombylis.     PI.  18.  fig.  5. 

Shell  Slender,  subcylindrical,  acute ;  aperture  narrow ;  su- 
tural  canal  well  defined;  columella  with  about  seven  stride. 
Length  J  of  an  inch. 

Locality,  Clai  borne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


INFUNDIBULUM. 

/.  urticosum.     PI.  17.  fig.  3. 

Shell  convex,  thin,  suboonical,  with  three  or  four  volutions 
terminating  in  a  subceutral  apex :  dorsum  covered  with  short 
tubular   spires ;   base  with   obscure   diverging  striae,  umbilica- 
ted.     Diameter  1  inch. 
•    Variety,  B.     Flattened  or  discoidal :  smooth  on  the  back. 

Variety,  C.     Elevated,  smooth. 

I  at  first  thought  there  might  be  two  or  three  species  among 
these  fossils,  but  a  comparison  of  a  great  number  of  indi- 
viduals has  convinced  me  of  their  specific  identity. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


PYftULA. 

P.  penita.     PI.  17.  fig.  4. 
Shell  subfusiform,  reticulated,  with  three  carinations  on  the 

[64] 


38 

body   whorl:   striae  alternating  in   size:    five   volutions;   spire 
elevated  and  pointed.     Lip  thickened  towards  the  margin. 

Variety,    C.     Destitute    of     carinations,   and     probably    the 
young  shell.     Length  about  an  inch. 
.  Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


FISSURELLA. 

F.  tenebrosa.     PI.  17.  fig.  5. 

Shell  ovate  or  oval,  elevated,  with  numerous  delicate  raised 
costse,  decussated  by  transverse  striae ;  inferior  margin  with 
impressed  lines :  apex  pointed.  Length  1  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


CONUS. 

C.  sauridens.     PI.  17.  fig.  6. 

Shell  smooth  except  at  base,  which  is  obliquely  striated ; 
whorls  of  the  spire  flattened,  striated ;  apex  pointed ;  mouth 
narrow  ;  shoulder  angular.  Length  1  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


MARGINELLA.        .   : 

1.  M.  larvata.     PI.  17.  fig.  7. 

Shell  smooth,   thick;  spire  obsolete;  with  from  six  to  eight 
teeth  on  the  columella.     Length  I  of  an  inch. 
Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 
Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

2.  M.  crassilabra.     PI.  17.  fig.  8. 

Shell  smooth,  thick ;  spire  elevated ;  varix  on  the  outer  lip 
very  thick  and  extending  upon  the  spire ;  lip  crenated  on  its 
inner  edge;  nine  or  ten  teeth  on  the  columella.  Length  less 
than  J  an  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

[55] 


.  34 

DENTALIUM. 

D.  thalloides.     PI.  18.  fig.  1.  ,A 

Shell  elongated,  slightly  curved,  with  nine  distinct  longitu- 
dinal costae,  and  intermediate  smaller  ones,  the  latter  gene- 
rally three  in  number ;  the  middle  one  being  the  largest. 
Length  2  inches. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad .  N.  S. 


VOLVARIA.  , 

V.  galba.     PI.  18.  fig.  2. 

Shell  subcylindrical,  with  fine  transverse  obsolete  striae  : 
spire  umbilicated  at  base  ;  umbilicus  replaced  by  an  impress- 
ed }ine.  Length  J  of  an  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


MITRA. 
1.  M.bolaris.     PI.  18.  fig.  3. 

Shell   subfusiform,   transversely  striated  ;  whorls  five ;   spire 
rather  short,  mammillated  ;  columella  with  four  teeth.     Length 
'about  one  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 
f  Cab.  Acad,  N.  S. 
'  2.  M.  doliata.     PI.  18.  fig.  4. 

Shell    subturbinate,    ventricose,    striated    towards    the    base, 
unarmed  ;    shoulder  rounded  ;    spire   a  little  elevated,    obtuse  ; 
columella  five  toothed.  .  Length  about  one  inch. 
Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 
Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


BUCCINUM. 

" B.  sagenum.     PI.  18.  fig.  5. 

Shell  conic-acute,  with  elevated,  distinct,  acute  costee,  about 
fifteen  of  which  are  on  the  body  whorl,  and  decussated  by  nu- 
merous regular,  slightly  elevated  transverse  striae  ;  somewhat 
indented  above*  the  shoulder  :  volutions  about  eight,  the  four 

[66] 


35 

on  the  apex  nearly  smooth;  aperture  about  one  third  of  the 
length  of  the  shell :  right  lip  striated  within.  Length  f  of  an 
inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


CANCELLARIA. 

C.  gemmata.     PI.  18.  fig.  6. 

Shell  conical,  acute,  scalariform,  with  longitudinal  costee; 
transverse  lines  .not  very  distinct;  shoulder  acute;  coluraella 
three  toothed :  labrum  internally  with  about  nine  raised  lines ; 
umbilicus  open  :  aperture  triangular.  Length  f  of  an  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab; 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


>  LITTORINA. 

L.antiquata.     PI.  18.  fig.  7. 

Shell  conic-acute,  somewhat  ventricose,  with  numerous  re- 
volving, very  elevated  lines,  alternating  with  smaller  ones, 
and  longitudinal,  approximate,  regular  striae ;  sutures  deeply 
impressed  ;  whorls  convex ;  umbilicus  distinct,  rounded ;  mouth 
orbicular,  slightly  contracted  by  the  rotundity  of  the  penulti- 
mate whorl.  Length  £  an  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


MELANIA. 

M?  vetusta.     PI.  18.  fig.  8. 

Shell  turrited,  acute,  with  numerous  revolving,  slightly  ele- 
vated lines,  alternately  larger  and  smaller,  and  longitudinal 
minute,  much  arcuated  wrinkles  :  suture  obvious,  not  deeply 
impressed :  canal  patulous ;  aperture  about  one-fouYth  of  the 
length.  Length  li  inches. 

This  seemingly  fresh  water  shell  occurs  with  the  marine  tes- 
tacea  in  the  arenaceous  strata  near  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  3. 

[67] 


36 

8ILTQUARIA. 

S.  vitis.  PI.  18.  fig.  9. 

Shell  irregularly  spiral  towards  the  top,  with  slightly  ele- 
vated longitudinal  lines  ;  fissure  narrow.  Greatest  diameter  i 
of  an  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.N.  S. 


CYTHEREA. 

.  fl.  C.  Poulsoni.     PI.  19.  fig.  1. 

Shell  ventricose,  cordate,  with  fine  concentric  striae  ;  beaks 
prominent,  curved  towards  the  lunule,  which  is  heart  shaped  : 
cavity  of  the  beaks  very  deep.  Diameter  about  2  inches,  the 
length  aud  breadth  being  nearly  equal. 

The  beaks  are  not  unlike  those  of  Isocardia,  and  the  shell 
resembles  C.  Sayana,  (nobis)  but  the  latter  wants  the  concentric 
striae.  I  dedicate  this  shell  to  my  kind  friend,  Mr.  Charles  A. 
Poulson. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

2.  C.  Hydana.     PI.  19.  fig.  2. 

Shell  subtriangular,  inequilateral;  posterior  side  slightly 
channelled  ;  posterior  end  cuneiform ;  lunule  lanceolate,  ellip- 
tical. 

I  gladly  name  this  fine  species  in,  compliment  to  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Hyde,  one  of  the  most  successful  and  zealous  cultivators 
of  American  Conchology.  Length  2  inches.  Breadth  H 
inches. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

3.  C.  (pquorea.     PI.  19.  fig.  8. 

Shell  subovate,  inequilateral,  compressed,  with  regular,  dis- 
tinct concentric  sulci;  lunule  cordiform,  two  cardinal  teeth 
in  the  right  valve,  parallel  and  approximate.  Length  If  inches. 
Breadth  li  inches. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


[68] 


87 

4.   C.  diftcoidalis.     PI.  19.  fig.  4. 

Shell  ventricose,  thick,  suborbicular,  gradually  narrowed  to 
the  beaks,  with  concentric  striyo  rather  deeply  impressed,  giv- 
ing the  shell  a  rough  exterior  :  beaks  anterior  to  the  middle  ; 
inner  margin  crenulated ;  lunule  cordate,  not  very  distinct. 
Diameter  1  inch. 

Locality.  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

,r>.   C.  perovata.     PI.  19.  fig.  5. 

Shell  cuneiform-ovate,  convex,  smooth*  and  polished, 
slightly  sulcated  on  the  inferior  half  of  the  valves;  posterior  side 
slightly  compressed  and  cuneate  ;  umbo  tumid,  beaks  almost 
anterior;  two  anterior  cardinal  teeth  in  the  right  valve,  ap- 
proximate and  parallel;  lunule  cordate  and  defined  by  a  sim- 
ple depressed  line.  Length  1]  inches.  Breadth  1  inch. 

Locality,  Claiborne;  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


J*  NUCULA. 

N.  wagnifica.     PI.  20.  fig.  3. 

Shell  obliquely  subtriangular,  very  inequilateral,  smooth, 
thick,  with  obscure  reticular  striae ;  anterior  side  truncated  ; 
posterior  side  elongated  or  cuneiform ;  basal  margin  crenated : 
hinge*  teeth  elongated ;  within  pearly  or  purplish.  Length 
nearly  £  of  an  inch.  *  *  4  ~ 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S.          '  * 


;-*  ;  ARCA. 

Area  cuvuUoides.     PI.  20.  fig.  1. 

Shell  compressed,  thick,  inequi valve,  reticulated;  with  a 
broad  subcentral  sinus,  passing  from  the  beak  to  the  basal 
margin  :  posterior  side  elongated,  strongly  ribbed,  and  carina- 
ted  ;  anterior  side  with  numerous  striae;  anterior  end  trunca- 
ted. Length  2$  inches.  Breadth  H  inches. 

The  hinge  of  this  shell  approaches  cucullaaa,  in  the  interval 
between  the  beaks,  having  arcuated  grooves  under  the  beak; 


38 

line  of  series  of  hinge  teeth  widely  interrupted,  and  transverse 
at  the  extremities. 

Locality,  Clai  borne,  A  lab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


CORBQLA. 

C.  nasuta.     PI.  20.  fig.  2. 

Shell  ventricose,  beaks  subcentral ;  posterior  side  produced, 
angular  and  carinated ;  anterior  side  rounded ;  valves  with 
concentric  sulci.  Length  f  of  an  inch. 

Locality,  Clai  borne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  8. 


ASTARTE. 

1.  A.  callosa.     PI.  20.  fig.  8. 

Shell  rounded,  compressed,  with  concentric  sulci,  stronger 
on  the  middle ;  slightly  angulated  and  compressed  posteriorly ; 
beaks  not  compressed,  rather  prominent  and  acute ;  lunule  ra- 
ther deeply  impressed,  nearly  smooth;  posterior  muscular  im- 
pression a  little  elevated ;  inner  margin  crenulated. 

The  sulci  of  this  species  have  considerable  resemblance  to 
those  of  A  tellenoides,  (nobis.) 

2.  A.  proruta.     PI.  20.  fig.  4. 

Shell  longitudinally  suboval ;  umbonal  slope  terminat- 
ing anteriorly  in  a  prominent  angle;  surface  with  dis- 
tinct sulci,  obsolete  beneath,  and  terminating  posterior  to  the 
umbonal  slope  in  wrinkles:  apex  acute,  not  compressed;  lu- 
nule narrow,  depressed,  smooth  ;  margin  crenulated.. 

Locality,  Clai  borne,  Alab. 

Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 


PLICATULA. 

P.  filamentosa.     PI   29.  fig.  5. 

Shell  suborbicular,  narrowing  towards  the  apex,  much    com- 
pressed ;   with    seven    costa? ;     and    densely     imbricated     with 
small,  irregular,  concentric  wrinkles,  and  with  minute   radiat- 
ing lines.'    Breadth  and  length  about  f  of  an  inch.   . 
Locality,  Clai  borne,  Alab. 
Cab.  Acad.  N.  S. 

[60] 


Persons  desirous  of  having  a  series  of  tertiary  fossils 
from  Alabama  and  the  other  southern  States,  embracing 
about  eighty  species,  may  obtain  them  on  application  to 
WM.  P.  GIBBONS,  at  his  Printing  Office,  corner  of  Sixth 
and  Cherry  Streets.  Price  of  the  collection  $15. 

The  plateb  illustrative  of  this  number  are  in  progress, 
and  will  be  published  with  No.  4.  which  is  nearly  ready 
for  the  press. 

The  length  of  the  bivalves  in  this  paper  is  measured 
from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  extremity. 

August  24. 


[62] 


vot,;  i. 


NO.  4, 


FOSSIL   SHELLS 

OP 

THE  TERTIARY  FORMATIONS 

op 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

ILLUSTRATED   BY    FIGURES   DRAWN  ON  STONE, 
FROM    NATURE. 


BY  TV  A.  CONRAD. 

Member  of  the  Acud.  Nut.  Sc.  of  Pbilada. 


Siiilagmium     nwrgara  ta- 
ct* um. 

AviculaHmula. 
Pectunculus  idoneus. 
Poctunculua  aviculoides. 
I  Yd  mi  <:u  I  us  drr,  I  i  vis. 
PecluaculuB  (Icc.icus. 
PectunculuB  cqrbuloides. 
Lucina  8yininetii<:u. 
Lucina  subvexa 
Lucina  pandata. 
Lucina  dolabra. 
Lucina  alveata. 
Lucina  carinifera, 
Lucina  pomilia. 
Tellina  alta. 
Tellina  papyria    ••'}*+'•}.; 
C'orbis  lamcllosa. 
Corbis  distans. 
Corbis  undata.       «,•--{ 
Lulraria  papyria. 
Roslellaria  laqueata. 
Erycinaje<|uorea. 
Krycina  roctilinearls. 
Mactni  decisa. 
Maclra  pra-tcnuis. 
Mael ra  pa r i  1  is.          . ' ,>    ^ 


CONTENTS. 

Donax  limatula. 
AmphideHina  linosa. 
PMammobia  fllosa. 
Pi*ammobia  cborea. 
FUBUS  protuxtua. 
FUSUH  rannelloidos. 
Fuses  thalloides. 
KUHUB  ultiliH. 
Fusus  explicatus. 
Fusus  stainincus. 
Fusus  proscissus. 
Fusus  bell  us. 
Fusus  liniulus. 
Fusus  prorutus,     . 
Fusus  decisus. 
Enuirginula  arata. 
Moaoccros  vetusta. 
Monoceros  armigera. 
Ancillaria  lymneoides, 
Solarium  scrobicula'um. 
Solarium  stala^iuium. 
Solarium  fun^iuum. 
Solarium  axacuum.- 
Solarium  aindmum. 
Oaucellaria  alveata. 
Acteon  pomilius. 
Actcon  idoneus. 


Acteon  costellatus 
Sigaretus  arctatus. 
Sigaretua  declivis. 
Bcalaria  gcssilia. 
Turritella  obruta. 
liuccinum  perlatum 
Buccinum  prorsum. 
Buccinum  anueuum 
Turbinella  prisea. 
Turbinella  praetenuis 
Cassis  nuperus. 
Pleurotoma  elaborata. 
Pleurotoma  tabulata. 
Pleurotoma  alternata. 
Pleurotoma  depygia. 
Pleurotoma  nupera. 
Natica  aUites. 
Natica  eminula. 
Natica  limula. 
Natica  eborea. 
Pyramidella  larvata 
Mitra  pactilis. 
.  Mitra  perexilis. 
Nucula  equalis. 
Nucula  opulenta. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

Sold  by  JUDA1I  DOBSON,  No.  108,. Chestnut  Street. 
October,  1833. 

W.  1'.  Gibbons,  Printer.. 


[88J 


39 

.    Fam.  MYTILIDJE,  Gen.  STALAGMIUM,  (Nohia.) 

Generic  character.. — An  obuvate,  equivalve,  marine  bivalve, 
with  the  hinge  margin  crenulated,  and  an  oblique,  linear,  cardi- 
nal fosset  for  the  cartilage:  two  rather  elongated  lateral  mus- 
cular impressions ;  palleal  impression  entire ;  nacre  perlaceous. 

Obs.  I  know  of  but  two  species  of  this  genus,  one  of  which 
is  minute,  and  is  an  abundant  fossil  in  the  arenaceous  stratum 
of  Claiborne,  Alabama.  The  other  is  a  larger  species,  recent 
upon  the  coast  of  Rhode  Island. 


STALAGMIUM. 

S.  maryarataceum.  Shell  very  small,  obovate,  convex,  with 
distinct  radiating  striae ;  beaks  prominent  and  curved  forward  ; 
lunule  short,  cordate,  slightly  impressed;  inner  margin  minutely 
crenulated. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alabama. 


AVICULA. 

A.  limula.  Shell  convex,  with  slight  concentric  undulations  ; 
umbo  tapering  gradually  towards  the  apex,  which  is  acute, 
but  not  prominent;  wings  large  and  very  oblique  ;  sinus  of  the 
posterior  margin  not  profound  ;  nacre  vevy  pearl}'  and  irrides- 
cent.  Height,  1£  inches. 


.PECTUNCULUS. 

P.  idonens.  Shell  suborbicular,  thick,  convex  ;  oblique,  with  ra- 
ther obscure  radiating  stria?,  and  minute,  intervening  lines  ;  urn- 
bo  convex  ;  beaks  distant,  rather  prominent  and  pointed  ;  cardi- 
nal teeth  large  ;  truncated  in  the  centre  by  a  rectilinear  line  ; 
cavity  capacious  ;  margin  crenate.  Length  \\  in. 

P.  aviculoides.  Shell  suboval,  very  oblique,  with  minute  ra- 
diating lines  interrupted  by  regular,  prominent  concentric  stria? ; 
umbo  prominent':  beaks  rather  elevated  ;  apex  acute;  series  of 
cardinal  teeth  interrupted  in  the  centre,  by  a  triangular  fosset ; 
cavity  capacious,  margin  crenulated.  Length  ^  of  an  inch. 

P.  declivis.  Shell  ovate  acute,  rather  compressed,  with  fine 
concentric  crowded  lines,  and  very  minute  and  obscure  radiating 
lines,  which  become  very  distinct  on  the  posterior  side,  near  the 
extremity  ;  posterior  side  cuneiform  ;  beaks  small,  pointed  and 
recurved  ;  series  of  cardinal  teeth  interrupted  under  the  beaks  ; 
margin  entire.  Length  |  of  an  inch.  • 

P.  tlecisus.  Shell  longitudinally  suboval,  equilateral,  with  ob- 
solete radiating  striae  ;  posterior  end  obliquely  truncated,  umbo- 
nial  slope  angulatetf,  incurved  ;  beaks  small,  pointed  and  re: 

[05] 


40 

curved :  cardinal  teeth  small  and  crowded ;  series  not  much  ar- 
cuated; margin  entire.     Length  \  an  inch. 

P.  corbuloides.  Subtriangular,  with  one  side  cuneate  and  an- 
gulated  on  the  submargin;  beaks  central;  cavity  capacious; 
margin  entire. 

LUCINA. 

L.  symmetrica.  Shell  lentiform,  equilateral,  thick,  with  regular 
crowded  and  prominent  acute  concentric  striae,  and  two  or 
three  profound  concentric  sulci  near  the  base :  anterior  side, 
with  a  short  submarginal  muscular  impression,  profoundly 
elongated. 

L.  snbvexa.  Shell  suborbicular :  ventricose ;  with  fine  concen- 
tric and  minute  obscure  radiating  lines ;  posterior  side  with  an 
obscure  fold,  anterior  side  elevated  and  subangulated  above; 
hinge  edentulous ;  anterior  muscular  impression  not  profoundly 
elongated  :  cavity  very  capacious ;  surface  punctate. 

L.  pandata.  Shell  oval,  compressed,  obscurely  cancellated ; 
anterior  side  somewhat  corrugated  ;  beaks  nearly  central ;  teeth 
three  in  one  valve ;  anterior  muscular  impression  profoundly 
elongated;  lunule  excavated,  minute.  Length  li  inches. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Sc.  vol.  23.  This  shell  is  allied  to  Lucina 
mutabilis,  Lam. 

L.  dolabra.  Shell  elevated,  with  distant  concentric  imbricated 
and  obscure  radiating  striae;  posterior  submargin  profoundly 
channeled,  beaks  prominent  and  cilrved  forwards;  lunule  im- 
pressed, cordate ;  inner  margin  crenulated.  Length  half  an  inch. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Sc.  vol.  23. 

L.  alveata.  Shell  suborbicular,  or  rather  elevated  ventricose; 
with  two  or  three  profound  and  numerous  small  concentric 
sulci ;  posterior  end  subtruncated ;  posterior  side  with  a  submar- 
ginal fold;  beaks  prominent;  cardinal  and  lateral  teeth  distinct; 
lunule  minute,  short,  cordate,  impressed ;  margin  minutely  crenu- 
lated. 

L.  carinifera.  Shell  suborbicular,  subequilateral  ventricose,  with 
equidistant,  acute,  prominent  concentric  striae ;  anterior  side 
with  a  profound  fold,  or  obtuse  elevation,  and  a  cordate  undulat- 
ed depression ;  posterior  side  with  a  profound  indented  fold,  emar- 
ginating  the  base  ;  anterior  end  emarginate  above  the  fold  ;  beaks 
prominent  and  incurved;  cardinal  and  lateral  teeth  distinct; 
cavity  capacious  ;  margin  crenulated. 

L.  pomilia.  Shell  suborbicular,  equilateral,  obscurely  cancel- 
lated, with  three  or  four  profound  concentric  sulci  ;  and  an  in- 
dented fold  on  both  sides,  terminating  in  an  emargination  of  the 
ends;  beaks  prominent,  lunule  profoundly  impressed,  cordate; 
cardinal  and  lateral  teeth  very  distinct :  margin  crenulated. 

[66J 


41 

TELLINA. 

T,  alta.  Shell  suborbicular  or  suboval,  equilateral,  convex, 
with  prominent,  acute,  concentric  striae,  and  concave  intervening 
spaces,  and  with  minute  radiating  lines ;  lunule  small ;  lanceo 
late,  slightly  impressed;  cardinal  teeth  and  anterior  lateral  tooth 
compressed  and  prominent;  posterior  lateral  tooth  small  but 
distinct. 

T.  papyria.  Shell  elliptical,  equilateral,  much  compressed ;  ex- 
tremely thin  and  fragile,  with  regular  concentric  impressed  striae, 
most  distinct  on  the  anterior  side  ;  posterior  extremity  angulated  ; 
lunule  linear,  impressed ;  beaks  not  prominent ;  apex  acute  ;  car- 
dinal teeth  prominent ;  lateral  teeth  none. 


CORBIS. 

C.  lamellosa.  Elliptical,  cancellate,  with  elevated,  concentric, 
remote  laminae ;  interstices  with  crowded,  regular,  transverse 
strise;  inner  margin  crenulated. 

Corbis  lamellosa,  Lam.  An.  sans  Vert.  vol.  v.  page  587. 
Encyc.  Meth.  pi.  286,  fig.  2,  a,  b,  c. 

C.  distans.  Shell  oval,  convex,  equilateral,  with  twelve  con- 
centric costae,  profoundly  elevated  and  thick,  except  on  the  um- 
bo,  and  lamellar  on  the  posterior  side  ;  radiating  striae  distinct ; 
lunule  impressed  and  carinated  ;  posterior  end  subtruncated ;  mar- 
gin crenulated. 

C.  undata.  Suboval,  convex,  with  radiating  striae,  and  elevated 
concentric  undulations  on  the  umbo,  and  impressed  lines  on  the 
inferior  portion  of  the  valve,  where  the  radiating  lines  are  obso- 
lete ;  umbo  rather  ventricose;  beaks  central,  inner  margin  crenate. 


LUTRARIA. 

L.  papyria.  Shell  ovate,  extremely  thin  and  fragile,  inflated 
anteriorly ;  with  concentric  sulci,  profound  at  the  anterior  and 
posterior  sides,  and  obsolete  at  the  middle ;  and  with  numerous 
radiating,  interrupted,  wrinkled  lines;  anterior  end  obtusely 
rounded ;  posterior  end  cuneiform,  compressed  and  gaping ; 
beaks  elevated,  and  about  one  third  the  length  the  shell  from 
the  anterior  end.  This  shell  is  allied  to  L.  canaliculata  of  SAY, 
but  is  sufficiently  distinct. 


ROSTELLARIA. 

R.  laqueata.  Subulate,  with  acute  longitudinal  ribs,  and  fine 
spiral  striae  :  base  coarsedy  striated. 

Obs.  I  at  first  thought  this  might  be  the  young  of  R.  velata, 
(nobis.)  but  a  comparison  of  many  specimens  proves  it  entirely 
distinct. 

[07] 


42 

ERYCINA. 

E.  cequorea.  Shell  subtriangular,  equilateral,  thick  ;  umbonial 
slope  angulated  and  submarginal ;  umbo  a  little  flattened,  apex 
acute;  hinge  callous;  cardinal  and  lateral  teeth  compressed  and 
prominent ;  fosset  oblique,  obovate ;  lunule  large,  elliptical,  de- 
fined by  an  impressed  line. 

E.  rectilinear  is.  Shell  subtriangular,  compressed  :  subequilate- 
ral :  anterior  and  posterior  margins  nearly  rectilinear  from  the 
apex,  which  is  acute ;  umbo  fluttered  :  beaks  prominent ;  luuule 
elliptical,  not  well  defined  ;  a  slightly  impressed  line  extends 
from  the  anterior  end  towards  the  apex. 


MACTRA. 

M.  ilecisft.  Shell  subtriangular.  inflated,  thin  :  posterior  side 
short  and  flattened :  umbonial  slope  angulated ;  a  few  promi- 
nent acute  lines  on  the  posterior  depression  ;  fosset  oblique,  obo- 
vate, lateral  teeth  compressed  and  much  elevated  ;  cavity  very 
capacious. 

M.  /*M,'/r*MM/s..  Shell  subtriangular  compassed,  equilateral, 
thin  and  fragile;  umbonial  slope  suhmarginal,  nearly  recti- 
linear, carinatcd :  beaks  slightly  prominent ;  lunule  narrow 
elliptical :  two  slightly  prominent  lines  behind  the  umbonial 
slope. 

M,  panlis.  Shell  triangular,  equilateral,  smooth  and  polished  ; 
both  ends  depressed  and  striated  ;  lunule  none  ;  cavity  capacious. 


DONAX. 

'•  .D.  limatnla.  Shell  subtriangular,  with  obscure  radiating  striae ; 
posterior  side  produced  and  cuneiform;  rounded  at  the  end; 
dorsal  margin  subrecti linear:  beaks  prominent  pointed;  lunule 
very  small,  marked  by  a  profound  groove ;  margin  minutely 
crenulated  ;  cavity  moderately  capacious. 


AMPHIDESMA. 

A.  linosa.  Shell  longitudinally  subovate,  with  fine  concentric 
raised  stria?;  posterior  side  short,  folded,  subtruncated  at  tho 
end;  beaks  slightly  prominent ;  cardinal  and  lateral  teeth  com- 
pressed ;  fosset  narrow-elliptical,  elongated ;  cavity  not  capa- 
cious. 


PSAMMOBIA. 

P.  filosa.  Shell  elongated,  with  concentric  acute  stria3,  very 
prominent  on  the  smaller  side,  which  is  narrowed  'and  subangu- 
lated  at  the  end  ;  beaks  not  prominent  anterior  dorsal  margin 
straight,  and  the  end  obtusely  rounded  ;  basal  margin  straight. 

P.  eborea.  Shell  oblong-oval,  cojnpressed ;  posterior  side 
longest  and  obliquely  truncated  at  the  end;  dorsal  margin 
straight ;  beaks  slightly  prominent. 

[68] 


48 

FUSUS. 

F.  protextus.  Fusiform ;  volutions  six  or  seven  ;  those  of  the 
spire  longitudinally  costated,  and  spirally  striated;  whorls  in- 
dented below  the  suture  ;  body  whorl  short  and  abruptly  round- 
ed ;  beak  straight,  ami  much  elongated. 

F.  ranuelloides.  Short-fusiforrn,  with  seven  rounded  volutions, 
spirally  striated,  or  sulcated  ;  whorls  with  two  or  three  broad, 
rounded  costa?,  more  numerous  on  the  whorls  near  the  apex ; 
spire  and  beak  nearly  equal  in  length ;  body  whorl  ventricose; 
labrum  creiuilated  within. 

Obs.  The  peculiar  disposition  of  the  costae,  give  this  species 
a  resemblance  to  the  genus  Ranella. 

F.  thallbides.     Narrow-fusiform,  with  rather  distant,  spiral,  ele- 
vated stria? ;  spire  subulate,  longer  than  the  beak  ;  superior  volu-  , 
tions  with    obscure    longitudinal    undulations;  aperture  small, 
elliptical;  beak  straight;  channel  contracted. 

F.  ali-ilitt.  Fusiform,  inflated,  with  coarse  spiral  striae;  shoul- 
der of  the  body  whorl,  and  base  of  the  whorls  of  the  spire 
armed  with  short  foliated  spines;  body  whorl  with  longitudinal 
undulations ;  beak  broad,  slightly  reflected  at  the  base. 

F.  expllcatns.  Fusiform,  destitute  of  strife;  spire  short,  volu- 
tions slightly  concave,  apex  papillated  ;  shoulder  of  the  body 
whorl,  with  short  foliated  spines,  which  are  obsolete  on  the 
spine;  beak  long  and  slightly  reflected  at  the  base. 

F.  atctinineus,  Fusiform,  with  spiral  striae  of  different  sizes  ; 
volutions,  with  a  single  row  of  short  tubercles  with  a  stria  pass- 
ing over  the  summit  of  each ;  beak  rather  longer  than  the 
spire;  reflected. 

F.  profu-issus.     Short-fusiform,  with  spiral  costae  and  longitudi- 
nal undulations;  summit  of  the  whorl  somewhat  indented,;  beak 
*  short,  thick,  reflected  ;  labrum  with  dislocated  lines  on  the  in- 
terior surface. 

F.  bellnx.  Fusiform,  with  spiral  elevated  striae  and  longitu- 
dinal cbstae  ;  spine  elevated,  acute;  beak  short  and  reflected; 
labrum  with  the  submargin  thickened,  and  with  short  elevated 
lines  ;  margin  waved. 

F.  limulus.  Fusiform,  Hvith  spiral  lines  alternating  in  size, 
and  oblique  nodiform  costae^  vyhich  do  not  extend  to  the  middle 
of  the  body  whorl ;  volutions  subangular ;  spire  elevated, 
acute ;  beak  short,  reflected ;  aperture  nearly  half  the  length  of 
the  shell. 

F.  prorutus.     Fusiform,  smooth,  with  seven  volutions,  a  little 

convex,  and  with  an  indented  line  immediately  below  the  suture ; 

spire  longer  than  the  beak,  which  is  striated  at-  the   base ;  aper- 

,  ture  more  than  half  the  length  the  shell ;  labrum  striated  within. 

F.  decisus.     Subfusiform,    with   about  six   convex   volutions, 

cros'sed  by  spiral  elevated  .striae;  spire  elevated;  beak  extremely 


44 

short,  reflected;  columella  subumbilicated ;  aperture  suborbiou- 
lar,  and  with  oblique  rather  distant  costae. 


EMARGINULA. 

E.  arata.  Subovate,  with  numerous  angular  or  acute  ribs, 
alternating  in  size ;  crossed  by  fine  regular  striae ;  apex  nearly 
central,  pointed  and  incurved ;  fissure  wide,  extending  about 
one  seventh  the  length  from  the  apex;  inner  margin  waved. 


MONOCEROS. 

M.  vetnsta.  Subglobose,  with  revolving  striae,  obscure,  except 
the  base,  where  they  are  distinct ;  spire  short,  rapidly  narrow- 
ing to  the  apex,  which  is  acute  ;  tooth  short  and  robust,  placed 
at  the  termination  of  an  exterior  groove ;  basal  emargination 
profound  ;  labrum  acute  on  the  margin. 

M.  armigera.  SYN.  Melongena  armigera  (nobis.)  More  per- 
fect specimens  prove  the  existence  of  a  tooth  on  the  labrum  of 
this  shell. 

ANCILLARIA. 

A.  lynneoides.  Subulate,  with  an  elevated  fold  on  the  centre 
of  the  columella  ;  labrum  somewhat  expanded. 


SOLARIUM. 

S.  scrobiculatum.  Slightly  elevated,  with  smooth,  somewhat 
concave  volutions,  crenulated  at  the  sutures ;  periphery  crenu- 
lated  ;  beneath  indented  near  the  margin ;  margin  of  the  um- 
bilicus profoundly  crenulated  ;  aperture  rhomboidal. 

S.  stalagmium.  Depressed,  perlaceous,  with  two  large  cre- 
nulated striae  on  each  side  whorl,  and  numerous  smaller  crenu- 
lated lines ;  volutions  channeled  at  the  suture  ;  periphery  ob- 
tusely rounded;  beneath  rounded  with  minute  striae,  and 
irregular  impressed  lines  diverging  from  the  umbilical  margin  ; 
umbilicus  narrow  ;  aperture  large,  orbicular. 

S.  funginum.  Convex  above,  flat  beneath  ;  volutions  smooth, 
with  short  raised  lines  diverging  from  the  suture;  peripl^ry 
with  an  obtuse,  slightly  elevated,  minutely  crenulated  carina;  mar- 
gin of  the  umbilicus  profoundly  crenulated,  with  a  submarginal 
impressed  line,  and  diverging  striae. 

8.  axaeuutn.  Discoid,  with  revolving  acute  lines;  whorls  with  a  wide  in- 
dentation at  the  suture  ;  submargin  widely  indented,  and  the  periphery 
acutely  carinated  ;  beneath  flattened  ;  umbilicus  smooth  ;  aperture  subovate. 

S.  am&ntiHt.  Depressed ;  whorls  smooth,  with  three  raised  lines  at  the 
suture,  the  intermediate  one  smallest  and  the  outer  one  crenulated;  periphery 
crenulated  and  bordered  by  a  crenulated  line ;  beneath  with  an  elevated 
submarginal  line;  margin  of  the  umbilicus  profoundly  crenulated,  from  which 
diverge  numerous  strong  lines,  interrupted  by  two  approximate  impressed 
submarginal  striie,  and  two  subcentral  approximate  impressed  lines ;  um- 
bil.cus  contracted. 

[70] 


46 

OANCELLARIA. 

C.  alveata.  Turrited,  with  oblique  acute  costao,  and  revolving  elevated 
lines;  volutions  six,  the  two  terminal  ones  smooth;  aperture  semilunar; 
three  folds  on  the  columella,  the.  lower  one  obsolete;  labrum  obscurely 
striated. 


ACTEON. 

A.  poiniliuH.  Narrow,  with  revolving  narrow  sulci  which  are  transversely 
striated;  fold  on  the  columella  much  elevated  and  distant  from  the  base; 
labrum  thick,  with  a  sharp  waved  edge. 

A.  idonem.  Narrow-elliptical,  with  narrow  transversely  striated  sulci, 
which  are  distant  on  the  superior  portion  of  the  body  whorl ;  fold  on  the 
columella  elevated  and  very  obtuse;  labrum  thickened. 

A.  coatellatuB.  Slightly  veutrico.sc,  with  revolving  costse,  or  sulci  which 
are  transversely  striated;  fold  obsolete  or  wanting;  umbilicated. 


SIGAUETUS. 

8.  arctatm.  Discoid,  with  wrinkled  spiral  raised  striae;  umbilicus  very 
small;  beneath  flattened;  aperture  oblong-oval. 

8.  dfclieu*.  Obliquely  suboval,  with  distinct  impressed  and  intermediate 
flne  Htrioj;  spine  slightly  prominent;  umbilicus  small,  partly  closed  by 
the  callus;  aperture  patulous. 


SCALAUIA. 

8.  M!**ilit.  Subulate,  with  rather  thick  longitudinal  costte,  and  minute 
crowded  spiral  lines;  whorls  nine,  sessile  or  contiguous;  base  of  the  body 
whorl  carinated. 


TUUKITELLA. 

T.  oln-utu.  Subulate,  with  about  eleven  slightly  convex  volutions,  with 
about  seven  sharp  elevated  stria;  on  each,  and  intermediate  fine  crowded 
lines;  space  about  the  suture  indented. 


BUCC1NUM 

B.  perlatum.  Subulate,  with  prominent  longitudinal  lines;  and  obsolete 
spiral  stria?;  volutions  about  twelve,  acutely  subturrited. 

B.  prortum.  Fusiform,  with  six  convex*  volutions;  spirally  striated; 
strim  obsolete  on  the  middle  of  the  whorls;  spire  subulate;  base  very 
slightly  reflected;  aperture  narrow-elliptical,  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  shell. 

B.  iDiin-nitiii,  Subulate,  with  about  six  slightly  convex  volutions;  with 
distant  obtuse  longitudinal  ribs,  and  acute  prominent  equidistant  spiral 
strue;  aperture  contracted,  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell;  base 
very  slightly  reflected. 

TURB1NELLA. 

T.  pritat.  Inflated,  thin;  spire  depressed,  apex  papillated;  whorls  pli- 
cated at  'the  suture;  base  strongly  striated;  columella  with  four  oblique 
folds;  aperture  effuse  at  base;  the  colored  markings  exhibit  spiral  series  of 
dark  quadrangular  spots. 

T.  prmtenuu.  Subfusiform,'  thin,  ventricose,  with  spiral  impressed  lines; 
spire  prominent;  apex  very  obtuse;  volutions  slightly  indented;  colum- 
ella four  plaited;  base  narrowed  and  somewhat  elongated. 

[71 1 


46 

CASSIS. 

C.  nuperus.  Subglobose,  with  spiral  impressed  strife,  and  fine  longitudinal 
lines;  whorls  of  the  apex  convex,  and  cancellated;  coiumella  with  pro- 
minent tranverse  lines,  obsolete  •  in  the  centre;  labrum  thickened  with  ir- 
regular prominent  lines  on  the  submargin. 


PLEUROTOMA. 

P.  elaborate.  Subulate,  with  numerous  oblique  elliptical  nodules,  and  spi- 
ral impressed  stria;;  beak  very  short,  aperture  small;  emargination  of  the 
labrum  profound. 

P.  hilmliita.  Turrited  or  scalariform  volutions  eight;  cancellated  with 
flue  stria',  the  spiral  ones  most  distinct;  angle  of  the  whorls  somewhat  ca- 


rinated;  profoundly  umbilicatcd. 
P.   alternata.     Su 


Subulate  or  subfusiform;  cancellated;  spiral,  stria}  distinct; 
middle  of  each  whorl  cmiulated;  beak  somewhat  produced. 

P.  (fcpygtK.  Subulate,  with  nine  angulated  volutions,  nodulous  in  the 
middle:  and  with  line  rounded  spiral  stria;;  beak  very  short. 

P.  Hiipera.  Fusiform,  with  eight  angular  volutions,  crenulatcd  in  the 
middle,  and  fine  spiral  wrinkled  stria);  body  whorl  slightly  veutricose; 
shoulder  with  oblique  crenulations,  beak  somewhat  produced. 


NATI-CA. 

N.  «•/#•«.'*.  Subglobose,  spire  very  short,  umbilicus  large,  contracted  by 
the  callus,  and  with  a  prominent,  obtuse,  broad  carina  revolving  within  it; 
aperture  semilunar. 

.  N.  emiinilu.  Obovate,  with  smooth  convex  volutions  and  a  prominent 
conical  spire;  umbilicus  elliptical,  not  contracted  by  the  callus;  aperture 
obovate,  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell. 

X.  liinvla.  Obliquely  suboval,  smooth,  with  a  short  convex  spire;  um- 
bilicus nearly  closed  by  a  profound  callus;  aperture  elliptical. 

X.  elurca.  Smooth  and  polished;  spire  slightly  prominent,  with  convex 
whorls;  body  whorl  subcom pressed ;  umbilicus  minute,  with  a  groove  be- 
neath it;  aperture  small,  circular. 

PYKAMIDKLLA. 

P.  liiffntit.  Subulate,  with  nine  smooth  volutions,  indented  at  the  sutures, 
the  indentation  margined  above  by  a  slightly  prominent  line;  body  whorl 
with  a  spiral  indented  line  near  the  middle;  fold  on  the  coiumella  prominent. 


MITKA. 

M.  jmrtilf*.  Subfusiform,  with  seven  volutions,  a  single  row  of  nodules 
on  each,  except  the  two  from  the  apex,  which  are  smooth;  apex  'papillated; 
spire  elevated;  coiumella  with  four  folds';  aperture  nearly  half  the  length 
of  the  shell. 

M.  jtercj-ilin.  Narrow-fusiform,  with  seven  smooth  convex  volutions; 
base  strongly  striated;  aperture  contracted;  less  than  half  the  Icjigth  of  the 
shell;  coiumella  with  three  plaits. 


NUCULA.     •    ' 

N.  f(jn<ili*.  Convex,  with  obtuse  central  beaks,  anjl  'regular  concentric 
ntriiu;  anterior  end  slightly  recurved,  with  a  carinatcd  submarginal  lino.  . 

N.  ofnilenta.  Elongated,  compressed,  with  regular  concentric  sulci;  an- 
terior side  rostrated,  and  with  a  submarginal  (-urinated  line;  space  between 
it  and  the  margin  with  regular  prominent  stria",  beaks  posterior  to  the  mid 
die. 

[72] 


The  last  number  of  this  work  was  exclusively  devoted 
to  the  fossil  shells  of  the  CALCAIRE  GROSSIER,  or  middle 
tertiary  deposits'  of  Alabama,  and  I  now  continue  this  inL 
teresting  part  of  my  subject.  I  have  to  regret  the  ne- 
cessity of  publishing  at  the  distance  of  a  thousand  miles 
from  my  present  domicile  ;  an  arrangement  that  may  pos- 
sibly involve  a  few  inaccuracies  in  my  papers.  But,  as  I 
hope  to  return  to  Philadelphia  in  the  spring  of  next  year, 
I  shall  then  employ  my  time  assiduously  in  arranging  the 
numbers  of  this  work  in  a  single  volume,  which  will  be 
illustrated .  by  upwards  of  thirty  plates,  and  embrace  an 
accurate  view  of  the  strata  containing  the  fossils  herein- 
after described. 

T.  A.  CONRAD. 

Claiborne,  Alabama.  Nov.  1,  1833.  .  • :^ 


i 


174J 


r 


A AAAAAAAA 


KoJ.  1. 


No.  8. 


FOSSIL  SHELLS 


OP  THE 


TERTIARY  FORMATIONS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


BY  T.  A.  CONRAD. 

Member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 

of  Philadu.  and  Geological  Society 

of  Pennsylvania. 


CONTENTS. 
EOCENE  FOSSILS  OF  CLAIBOIINE, 

with  observations  on  this  formation  in  the  United  State  s> 
and  a  geological  map  of  Alabama. 


L 


Republished  with  plates t  March  i,  1835. 


[75] 


MAP  os  ALABAMA 


Observations  on  the  Eocene  deposits  of  the  United  States. 

In  a  preceding  No.  of  this  work,  (page  28)  I  alluded  to  a  de- 
posit of  large  oyster  shells  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  which 
Mr  Finch  has  termed  Calcaire  Ostree*,  believing  that  it  constitu- 
ted a  distinct  formation,  not  referriable  to*any  particular  period  in 
the  scale  of  European  deposits.  I  have  since  visited  a  portion  of 
the  southern  States,  and  can  say,  from  personal  observation,  that 
the  continuous  bed  of  oyster  shells  described  by  travellers  and 
others,  includes,  in  fact,  two  distinct  formations,  one  of  seconda- 
ry, the  other  of  tertiary  origin,  and  that  two  distinct  species  of 
Ostrea  have  been  confounded  with  that  "finger post'"  of  the  creta- 
ceous strata,  Exocjyra  costata,  Say.f  These  three  shells  combined 
constitute  that  anomalous  species  called  Ostrea  gigantissima  by 
Mr  Finch.  Upon  this  supposed  species  was  erected  the  formation 
termed  Calcaire  Ostree,  which  we  have  proved  to  be  no  more  than 
the  creation  of  Mr  Finch's  imagination ;  yet  a  traveller  ignorant 
of  the  generic  or  specific  character  of  the  shells  alluded  to,  would 
be  likely  to  arrive  at  the  same  conclusion  with  that  geologist  and 
suppose  that  a  continuous  deposit,  characterized  by  a  single  spe- 
cies of  Ostrea,  extended  from  South  Carolina  to  the  Mississippi 
river.  Of  the  two  species  of  Ostrea  mentioned  above,  the  ().  sel- 
hefonnis  characterizes  a  peculiar  stratum  of  the  Eocene  at  Clai- 
borne,  and  is  also  found  in  the  newer  cretaceous  strata  of  South 
Carolina.  The  O.  Georgiana,  (nobis)  which  much  resembles  O. 
longirostris,  Lam.  is  characteristic  of  the  Eocene  strata  at  Shell 
Bluff  on  the  Savannah  river ;  near  Milledgeville,  Georgia,  and  at 
Orangeburgh,  South  Carolina. 

The  Eocene  first  appears  at  Upper  Marlborough  and  at  Pis- 
cataway,  in  Prince  Georges  county,  Maryland.  At  the  latter 
place  I  observed  it  in  1830,  and  was  the  first  to  point  out  its  rela- 
tion to  the  London  Clay,  from  inspection  of  its  fossil  shells.  The 
species  are  few  in  number,  but  the  occurrence  of  the  Cardita 

*Auierlca  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  vol.  VII,  p.  3». 

flu  Dr.  Goldfuss'  splendid  work,  "Pctrifacten  ",  we  observe  the  genus  Exogyra 
is  credited  to  Sowcrby,  whereas,  our  late  and  lamented  naturalist,  Thomas  Say,  Esq. 
instituted  it,  and  we  consider  it  one  of  his  happiest  efforts  in  the  subdivision  of  gen- 
era, presenting  us  with  an  extremely  interesting  and  natural  group  of  shells  peculiar 
to  the  Cretaceous  strata,  which  were  previously  referred  to  Chama  by  European 
eonchologists. 


[77] 


30 

planicosta,  a  shell  most  characteristic  of  the  Eocene  period,  both 
in  France  and  Great  Britain,  first  suggested  the  relative  age  of 
this  deposit,  which  was  confirmed  by  the  fact  that  not  one  of  the 
species  occurs  in  the  Miocene  beds  near  Charlotte  Hall,  twenty 
miles  distant  from  Piscataway.  These  remains  are  imbedded  in 
loose  incoherent  earth,  a  mixture  of  sand  and  clay.  In  the  bank 
of  a  contiguous  stream,  the  matrix  is 'hardened  into  a  siliceous 
rock  similar  to  that  in  Georgia  and  Alabama.  The  surface  of 
this  rock  is  constantly  wet  by  springs  which  percolate  through 
the  superincumbent  stratum. 

At  Fort  Washington,  on  the  Potomac,  five  miles  from  Piscat- 
away, and  on  the  road  between  the  two  places,  I  found  the  same 
formation,  consisting  in  some  places  of  a  friable,  in  others,  of  an 
indurated  fossiliferous  marl  of  a  dark  gray  color,  replete  with 
the  green  grains  of  silicate  of  iron  which  are  so  characteristic  of 
the  Cretaceous  marls.  It  would  appear  that  the  Eocene  strata 
of  Maryland,  which  rest  immediately  on  the  marls  of  the  Creta- 
ceous epoch,  have  been  formed  in  part  by  the  debris  of  the  latter, 
whilst  ;the  primary  rocks  have  supplied  the  mica  which  is  dissem- 
inated through  them  in  minute  fragments.  All  the  Eocene  marls 
effervesce  strongly  with  acids.  At  Fort  Washington,  nearly  all 
the  shells  are  decomposed  except  the  Ostrece,  which  are  usually 
in  a  good  state  of  preservation.  A  thick  stratum  of  clay  near  the 
fossiliferous  deposits,  forming  the  precipitous  bank  of  the  Poto- 
mac river,  contains  abundance  of  Selenite,  but  the  only  trace  of 
organic  remains  I  discovered,  was  a  fragment  of  bone,  the  relic 
of  a  marine  animal.  At  the  base,  on  the  margin  of  the  river,  I 
picked  up  a  valve  of  Exoijyra,  which  led  me  suppose  that  the 
Green  Sand  lies  immediately  beneath  the  surface,  and  probably 
forms  the  bed  of  the  river. 

The  Cucullaea  gigantea  and  Ostrea  compressirostra  are  the  most 
abundant  and  characteristic  fossils  at  Fort  Washington.  Some  of 
the  small  shells  appear  to  be  such  species  as  occur  at  Claiborne, 
but  they  are  very  imperfect  and  in  most  instances  merely  defined 
by  casts  in  tl;e  coarse  matrix. 

The  Eocene  occurs  in  Virginia,  forming  the  western  boundary 
of  the  Pliocene,  and  will  probably  be  indicated  with  tolerable  ac- 
curacy by  the  line  drawn  by  Mr  Maclure  for  the  boundary  of  his 
Alluvium,  through  Fredericksburg,  Richmond,  Petersburg,  &c. 

In  South  Carolina,  I  have  traced  the  formation  in  question,  as 
mentioned  in  the  introduction,  at  Vance's  Ferry  on  the  Santee 

[78] 


81 

river,  in  Orangeburgh  county,  by  means  of  a  fine  series  of  fossils, 
collected  by  my  friend  Dr  William  Blanding,  who  also  found  in 
the  vicinity  a  Belemnite  imbedded  in  limestone,  indicating  the 
presence  of  the  Cretaceous  rock,  which  constitutes  the  prevail- 
ing, and  indeed,  almost  the  only  formation  between  Vance's  Fer- 
ry and  Charleston.  At  the  former  place  then,  we  find  the  Eocene 
superimposed  upon  the  Cretaceous  strata,  and  capped  by  a  super- 
ficial deposit  of  Older  Pliocene  sands.  The  latter  have  been  dis- 
covered also  near  the  junction  of  the  Congaree  and  Wateree  ri- 
vers, a  distance  of  seventy- five  miles,  in  a  direct  line,  to  Bull's 
Bay,  the  nearest  point  on  the  coast. 

From  Vance's  Ferry,  the  line  of  the  JKocene  runs  a  little  to  the 
south  of  west  and  passing  through  the  town  of  Orangeburgh,  cros- 
ses the  Savannah  river  at  Shell  Bluff  which  is  its  boundary  on  the 
west.  This  formation  appears  at  intervals,  in  a  distance  of 
forty  miles,  following  the  course  of  the  river.*  Shell  Bluff,  ac- 
cording to  the  observatious  of  Mr  Vanuxem,  is  "  seventy  feet 
high,  formed  of  various  beds' of  impure  carbonate  of  lime".  The 
Ostrea  Qeorgiana  is  here  "in  a  bed  nearly  six  feet  in  thickness 
in  the  upper  part".  A  deposit  of  the  same  kind  of  oyster  shells 
occurs  near  Millegeville  in  Georgia,  accompanied  by  the  Scutel- 
la  qninquefaria,  (Say)  imbedded  in  a  white,  friable  limestone. 
Three  parallel  ridges  of  these  oyster  shells  are  said  to  run  from 
the  Savannah  to  the  Altamaha  river,  f  and  to  be  extensively  quar- 
ried by  the  Indigo  planters,  who  convert  them  into  lime. 

The  Eocene  is  extensively  developed  in  Early  county  in  the 
form  of  sandstone  with  silicified  fossils  corresponding  with  a  rock 
in  the  vicinity  of  Claiborne,  Alabama,  the  dark  surface  of  which 
is  paved,  as  it  were,  with  beautifully  translucent  silicified  shells. 
Dr.  N.  Jones,  of  Mobile,  remarks,  that  at  Fort  Gaines,  on  the 
Chattahochie,.  a  bluff  occurs  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
in  elevation,  the  close  resemblance  of  which  to  the  Claiborne  es- 
carpment is  very  striking ;  it  is  certainly  of  the  same  age  as  the 
latter. 

At  Claiborne,  I  have  had  the  best  opportunity  of  investigating 
the  organic  remains  and  superposition  of  the  Eocene  strata,  for 
which  I  am  indebted  to  the  hospitality  and  assistance  of  my  kind 
friend  CHARLES  TAIT,  ESQ.  whose  enthusiastic  love  of  the  science 
would  alone  endear  him  to  every  student  of  geology.  The  es- 
carpment, or  bluff,  facing  the  Alabama  river  at  Claiborne,  is,  at 
the  point  where  I  measured  it,  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet 

*Vide  Appendix  to  Cuvier's  "Theory  ofc  the  Earth  "  by  Dr.  Mitchell. 

[79] 


^    82          :"/:;        s 

in  height.  The  strata  are  nearly  horizontal,  and  continue  so  far 
as  the  bluff  extends,  which  is  about  one  mile  in  length,  and  of 
nearly  uniform  height,  sloping  gradually  at  either  extremity,  and 
in  front  invariably  precipitous,  with  occasional  narrow  and  pro- 
found ravines.  The  alluvial  land,  which  bounds  it  on  the  north 
and  south,  is  subject  to  inundations  during  the  spring  freshets, 
and  the  river  has  been  known,  though  rarely,  to  rise  sixty  feet 
above  low  water  mark.  This  action  of  the  current  on  the  friable 
strata,  uniting  with  atmospheric  causes,  is  gradually  wearing  a-' 
way  the  surface  of  the  escarpment,  and  filling  the  channel  of  the 
river  with  the  detritus.  As  fresh  water  shells  are  very  abundant 
here,  they  are  buried  beneath  this  debris,  and  mingled  indiscrim- 
inately with  the  fossils  of  marine  origin,  which  in  case  of  another 
upheave  of  the  strata  would  exhibit  a  mixture  of  marine  and  fresh 
water  shells. 

The  bluff  is  clothed  with  Magnolias,  the  cotton  tree,  walnut, 
chestnut,  locust,  &c.  and  exhibits  two  distinct  terraces  occasioned 
by  strata  more  indurated  than  the  others,  and  consequently  re- 
sisting in  a  greater  degree  the  action  of  disintegrating  causes.  A 
similar  bluff  of  equal  extent  occurs  on  the  Alabama,  about  three 
miles  south  of  Claiborne  :  alluvium  intervenes,  and  then  follows 
a  third  bluff  of  much  less  elevation  than  the  preceding.  Here, 
in  the  arenaceous  stratum,  vast  numbers  of  ScuteUa  Lyelli,  (nob.) 
are  imbedded,  and  the  whole  mass  is  highly  charged  with  oxide 
of  iron. 

At  Claiborne  are  five  very  distinct  strata,  four  of  which  are 
more  strikingly  defined  by  the  peculiarity  of  their.fossils  than  by 
their  mineral  character.  Beneath  the  superficial  covering  of  sand 
and  gravel,  we  observe  the  strata  to  be  arranged  in  the  following 
order  : 

1.  There  is  a  stratum  of  argillaceous  limestone,  more  or  less 
friable,  which  so  much  resembles  the  newer  limestone  of  the  cre- 
taceous group,  occurring  in  the  vicinity,  that  without  reference 
to  its  organic  remains,  it  might  be  considered  of  the  same  age  as 
the  latter,  which  is  far  from  being  the  fact ;  it  is  more  agillaceous 
and  consequently  of  less  value  as  a  building  material,  for  it  more- 
rapidly  disintegrates  on  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  Several 
springs  flow  over  this  rock  which  issue  from  the  base  of  the  stra- 
tum above,  and  the  water  is  considered  purer  than  that  of  the 
wells  in  the  village.  This  limestone  is  abolit  forty-five  feet  in 
thicknes,  and  contains  a  few  obscure  casts  of  shells,  referrible  to 
species  occurring  in  the  sand  beueath.  TheScutella  Lyelli  is  the 

[80] 


83 

most  frequent  fossils,  but  it  also  occurs  in  great  abundance  in  the 
sand  whenever  that  is  sufficiently  coherent  to  preserve  its  form. 
2.  Immediately  beneath  is  a  terrace  of  sandstone,  about  three 
feet  thick,  being  the  upper  portion  of  the  arenaceous  stratum  which 
has  furnished  nearly  all  our  Eocene  testacea.  Over  this  terrace, 
in  many  places,  small  springs  of  water  constantly  flow,  falling 
only  in  drops.  Beneath  is  the  incoherent  quartzose  sand  of  a 
ferruginous  color,  which  contains  myriads  of  perfect  but  friable 
shells,  of  which  there  are  about  seventy  genera  and  rather  more 
than  two  hundred  species.  Those  bivalves  which  have  a  strong 
ligament  or  cartilage,  as  the  Lncince  and  the  larger  Craasatellw, 
generally  have  their  valves  in  apposition  and  the  cartilage  still 
occasionally  remains.  The  Cytherea  suberycinoides,  (Desh.)  the 
most  abundant  fossil  at  Claiborne,  very  seldom  has  the  valves  in 
connexion,  but  if  there  has  been  any  disturbance  at  the  time  of 
deposition,  it  has  not  been  sufficient  to  injure  the  most  delicate 
angles  and  striae  of  the  shells.  Occasionally  specimens  are  found 
which  still  retain  their  colored  markings.  The  surface  of  this 
stratum,  where  a  portion  of  the  sand  has  been  washed  away  by 
the  rains,  presents  the  aspect  of  a  solid  bed  of  shells.  Near  the 
base  of  it,  whatever  point  was  examined,  a  vein  of  very  soft  lig- 
nite was  observed,  and  what  is  remarkable,  certain  fine  large  uni- 
valves appear  almost  exclusively  confined  to  this  lignite,  as  if 
it  had  been  formed  from  vegetable  substance  in  the  Eocene  ocean 
to  which  those  univalves  were  partial.  Beneath  this  line  the  sand 
is  somewhat  coherent,  and  many  species  of  shells  are  more  abund- 
eaiit  whilst  others  are  more  rare  than  above  it. 

In  the  introduction  to  this  work,  I  gave  the  first  notice  of  this 
interesting  locality,  and  referred  it  to  the  period  of  the  London 
clay  and  Calcaire  yrossier,  giving  it  a  provisional  name  which  I 
gladly  abandon  since  a  better  has  been  supplied  in  the  Eocene  of 
Professor  Lyell.  That  it  is  of  the  same,  or  nearly  the  same  age, 
I  think  the  organic  remains,  described  in  the  following  pages,  will 
incontestably  prove.  Whether  any  of  the  species  does  exist  or 
not  in  the  present  ocean,  I  cannot  pretend  to  decide,  as  our  cab- 
inets are  too  imperfect  to  admit  of  certainty  in  this  point,  but  I 
am  unable  to  refer  any  to  such  recent  species  as  have  come  un- 
der my  observation.  None,  it  appears  from  comparison,  inhabits 
the  coast  of  the  United  States,  and  what  is  more  remarkable,  not 
one  occurs  in  the  Pliocene  of  our  country.  There  is  therefore  a 
more  marked  distinction  between  the  two  tertiary  formations  than 
between  the  Eocene  and  Cretaceous  strata,  because  four  species 


[81] 


34         ,    : 

of  fossils  are  common  to  the  two  latter ; — facts  just  the  reverse 
of  those  which  have  been  published  in  relation  to  the  secondary 
and  tertiary  of  Europe.  No  vestiges  of  fresh  water  shells  are  ob- 
served in  our  Eocene,  and  I  conclude,  from  the  general  character 
of  the  fossils,  that  the  formation,  unlike  that  of  Paris,  has  not 
been  of  estuary  but  oceanic  origin.  M.  Deshayes  informs  us  that 
137  species  of  Cerithium  occur  in  the  Paris  basin,  and  this  is  said 
to  be  a  genus  partial  to  estuaries. .  At  Claiborne  only  three  spe- 
cies occur  ;  one  is  rare  and  a  doubtful  member  of  the  genus>  and 
of  the  other  two  species  I  procured  but  one  specimen  of  each, 
which,  tends-  to  prove  that  they  were  not  in  a  situation  favourable 
to  their  increase.  The  stratum  of  oysters  beneath  may  have  been 
deposited  in  a  lagoon,  but  if  so,  the  ocean  must  have  returned  and 
brought  back  the  same  class  of  shells,  which  originated  in  the  first 
bed  of  the  Eocene  sea,  whilst  with  this  convulsion  the  Ostrea  sel- 
he for  mis  entirely  disappeared,  and  at  the  same  time  was  depos- 
ited the  debris  of  some  rock  which  then  first  mingled  with  the 
testacea  ;  and  as  this  stratum  of  sand  and  shells  is  only  about  four- 
teen feet  thick,  it  was  probably  soon  formed,  comparatively  speak- 
ing, which  will  explain  the  cause  why  so  few  species  of  testacea 
occur  in  comparison  with  synchronous  deposits-  in  Europe. 

The  following  species  of  the  Eocene  at  Paris  occur  also  in  the 
sand  at  Claiborne:  Solarium  patulum,  (Lam.)  S.  canaliculatum, 
(Lam.)  Bulimus  terebellatus,  (Lam.)  Sigaretus  canaliculatits, 
(Sow.)  Calyptrea  trochiformis,  (Lam.)  Pyrula  tricarinata,  (Lam.) 
Acicula  trigona,  (Lam.)  Cytherea  erycinoides,  (Lam.)  C.  subery- 
cinoides,  (Desh.)  Corbis  lamellosa,  (Lam.)  Cardita  planicosta, 
(Blain.)  Fistulana  elongata.  (Desh.) 

8.  A  mass  of  Ostrea  selheformis,  about  three  feet  in  thickness, 
in  sand  cemented  by  carbonate  of  lime.  As  this  oyster  also  oc- 
curs in  the  newer  Cretaceous  strata,  at  first  I  supposed  the  present 
to  be  of  the  same  age .  as  the  latter  deposit,  but  a  subsequent  ex- 
amination of  the  inferior  stratum  convinced  me  to  the  contrary, 
as  I  found  it  characterized  by  Eocene  fossils  exclusively.  Large 
specimens  of  the  Ostrea  generally  have  a  water  worn  appearance, 
and  occur  mostly  in  single  valves ;  the  young  which  are  vastly 
abundant  are  also  disunited,  but  invariably  uninjured  and  unworn. 
Fragments  of  this  rock  form  a  talus  at  the  base  of  the  escarpment. 

4.  A  dark  colored  marl,  seventy  feet  in  thickness,  in  which  the 
same  Ostrea  occurs,  but  smaller  and  less  abundant  than  above. 
Other  fossils  are  very  rare,  but  I  found  a  specimen  of  Playiosto- 
ma  dumosum,  (Morton)  which  had  attached  itself  while  living  to 

[88] 


30 

an  oyster^  shell,  and  this  appears  to  be  the  only  instance  where 
the  extinct  genus  Plagiostoma  has  been  found  in  a  tertiary  de- 
posit. 

5.  The  inferior  stratum  is  a  dark  colored  clay,  passing  into 
marl,  containing  the  same  species  of  shells  that  occur  in  the  are- 
naceous deposit,  but  perhaps  not  so  great  a  number  of  them  ;  the 
Cardita  planicosta  is  in  great  abundance,  but  does  not  attain  to 
one  half  the  size  of  specimens  common  in  the  sand. 

The  insulated  position  of  the  Eocene  at  Claiborne,  is  remarka- 
ble ;  west  of  the  vicinity  of  the  village,  the  whole  country  is  se- 
condary, or  of  that  limestone  which  Dr.  Morton  has  compared  to 
the  Maestricht  deposit,  and  termed  the  "  newer  cretaceous  strata". 
As  we  proceed  west,  we  traverse  hills  of  the  same  limestone  but 
find  no  trace  of  the  tertiary  until  we  arrive  at  St.  Stephens,  on 
the  Tombeckbe,  where  it  is  still  more  isolated  than  at  Claiborne, 
being  bounded  immediately  from  the  river  by  the  cretaceous  stra- 
ta on  the  west,  and  on  the  south  by  alluvium  which  intervenes 
between  it  and  the  secondary.  On  the  north  it  also  dips  under 
the  alluvium,  and  appears  to  be  the  rock  which  forms  the  rapid 
two  miles  north  of  St.  Stephens,  the  first  which  is  met  with  in 
ascending  the  river.  The  tide  flows  to  the  foot  of  this  rapid,  a 
distance  of  ninety  miles  from  the  head  of  Mobile  Bay,  but  this 
happens  only  in  the  lowest  stage  of  the  water. 

From  some  notices  which  have  been  published  respecting  the 
elevated  bluff  at  Natchez,  on  the  Mississippi,  we  infer  that  is  of 
the  formation  in  question,  which,  crossing  the  river,  reappears  on 
the  banks  of  the  Washita,  near  the  town  of  Monroe,  in  Louisiana, 
where  it  is  associated  with  cretaceous  strata.  This  locality  is  of 
great  interest  to  a  geologist,  as  it  will,  when  investigated,  solve 
a  problem  of  great  importance,  whether  or  not  remains  of  the 
Saurian  family  exist  in  the  tertiary.  The  gigantic  vertebrae  of 
the  BasilosauraSy  (Harlan)  were  found  here  enveloped  in  Eocene 
marl,  but  remains  apparently  of  the  same  speries,  from  the  new- 
est secondary  limestone  of  Clarke  county,  Alabama,  have  been 
sent  to  this  city  by  John  G.  Creagh,  Esq.  and  by  A.  B.  Cooper,  Esq. 
of  Claiborne.  These  highly  interesting  remains  were  found  on 
the  plantation  of  Mr  Creagh,  and  are  now  in  the  possession  of 
Dr.  Morton,  who  has  laboured  diligently  to  procure  whatever 
may  advance  a  knowledge  of  American  geology. 

In  Wilcox  county,  Alabama,  on  the  plantation  of  my  friend 
Judge  Tait,  the  Eocene  appears  in  the  form  of  a  dark  colored 
Randstono,  iii  which  the  shells  are  only  traced  by  imperfect  chalky 


36  ;:; 

vestiges,  but  sufficiently  defined  to  shew  their  relation  to  the  fos- 
sils at  Claiborne.  The  common  grist  mills  of  the  vicinity  are 
supplied  with  stones  from  this  rock,  which  I  have  not  seen  in  situ, 
nor  do  I  know  the  extent  to  which  it  has  been  observed  in  Alaba- 
ma. In  the  decomposed  state  of  the  fossils,  it  differs  from  other 
varieties  of  the  rock,  nearly  the  same  in  mineral  character,  that, 
for  instance  near  Claiborne,  where  the  shells  are  silicified. 

It  has  been  remarked  of  the  Eocene  deposits  of  Europe,  that 
they  fill  depressions  or  basins  in  the  chalk.  The  equivalent  form- 
ation in  Alabama,  fills  valleys  or  depressions  in  a  white  argilla- 
ceous very  friable  limestone,  which  Dr  Morton  has  shewn  to  be 
Cretaceous  and  analogous  to  the  Maestricht  beds.  This  lime- 
stone, like  the  chalk  of  England,  forms  a  rolling  or  undulating 
country  and  appears  to  have  been  subjected  to  extensive  denu: 
dation,  for  the  upper  bed  of  the  Eocene,  in  some  places  nearly 
fifty  feet  thick,  has  evidently  been  formed  of  its  detritus. 


The  following  terms  are  adopted  for  the  American  Tertiary  formations. 

Newer  Pliocene,    Near    Newborn,    X.    C.    near    the    mouth    of    Potomac    river, 

Md.    Easton,  Mil.    Charleston,  S.  C. 
Older     Miocene.      St.    Marys     river,    Md.      parts     of     Lancaster     county,    Vn. 

Yorktown,  Va.    James  river  near  Smith  field .  Va.     Suffolk,  Y». 
Miocene.      Stow   creek,    Cumberland   co.    N.    J.      Charlotte    Hall    St.    Marys   co. 

Md.        Choptank    river    near      Easton,      Md.        Characterized      by      /'<?/•/»* 

tiuifillata,     Lam. 
Ewtne.      Upper    Marlborough,    Md.     Piscataway    and     Fort    Washington.    Md. 

Vance's     Ferry     on     Santee     river,    S.    C.       Orangi:burgh,    S.     C.       Shell 

Hluff,    Ga.      Wilcox    co.    Al.      Claiborne,    Al.       St     Stephens,    Al.     parts 

of  West  Florida,  Natchez,  Mi.  near  Monroe  on  Washita  river,   L. 


It  is  necessary  to  observe,  that  all  the  species  of  Eocene  fossils  described  in 
the  following  pages,  unless  where  credit  is  given  or  no  reference  made,  were 
published  before  Mr  Lea's  "  Contributions  to  Geology."  No.  1  was  published 
August  25,  1833,  and  No.  2,  November  1,  1833.  They  have  been  reprinted  in 
order  to  group  together  the  species  of  each  genus.  The  "Contributions"  were 
published  some  time  after  the  appearance  of  No.  3,  of  the  present  work. 

By  reference  to  dates,  it  will  bo  seen  that  Mr  Lea  has  been  guilty  of  a  plagi- 
arism i|i  giving  himself  credit  for  my  own  observations  on  the  tertiary  forma- 
tions o{  the  United  States.  A  laborious  investigation  of  these,  on  my  part,  from 
New  jjersey  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  resulted  in  identifying  the  Eocene, 
Miocene,  Older  and  Newer  Pliocene  and  Recent  formations  of  the  Union.  Mr 
Lea,  to  my  knowledge,  knew  nothing  of  our  coast  formations  previous  to  my 
observations  on  that  subject,  and  never  travelled  out  of  his  closet  to  make  origi- 
nal discoveries,  for  I  have  fortunately  saved  him  the  trouble. 


[84] 


Observations  on  the  Eocene  deposits  of  the  United  States. 

1  In  a  preceding  No.  of  this  work,  (page  28)  I  alluded  to  a  de- 
posit of  large  oyster  shells  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  which 
Mr.  Finch  has  termed  Calcaire  Ostree*,  believing  that  it  constitu- 
ted a  distinct  formation,  not  referrible  to  any  particular  period  in 
the  scale  of  European  deposits.'  I  have  since  visited  a  portion 'of 
the  southern  States,  and  cdn  say,  from  personal  observation,  that 
the  continuous  bed  of  oyster  shells  described  by  travellers  and 
others,  includes,  in  fact,  two;  distinct  formations,  one  of  seconda- 
ry, the  other  of  tertiary  origin,  and  that  two  distinct  species  of 
Ostrea  have  been  confounded'  with  that  "finger  post"  of  the  creta- 
ceous strata,  Exoyyra  coststa,  Say.f  These  three  shells  combined 
constitute  that  anomalous  species  called  Ostrea  gijantissima  by 
Mr.  Finch.  Upon  this  supposed  species  was  erected  the  formation 
termed  Calcaire  Ostree,  which  we  have  proved  to  be  no  more  than 
the  creation  of  Mr.  Finch's  imagination  ;  yet  a  traveller  ignorant 
of  the  generic  or  specific  character  of  the  shells  alluded  to,  would 
be  likely  to  arrive  at  the  same  conclusion  with  that  geologist  and 
suppose  that  a  continuous  deposit,  characterized  by  a  single  spe- 
cies of  Ostrea,  extended  from  South  Carolina  to  the  Mississippi 
river.  Of  the  two  species  of  Ostrea  mentioned  above,  the  O.  sel- 
Iwformis  characterizes  a  peculiar  stratum  of  the  Eocene  at  Clai- 
borne,  and  is  also  found  in  the  newer  cretaceous  strata  of  South 
Carolina.  The  0.  (teoryiana,  (nobis)  which  much  resembles  O. 
lonyirostris,  Lam.  is  characteristic  of  the  Eocene  strata  at  Shell 
Bluff  on  the  Savannah  river;  near  Milledgeville,  Georgia,  and  at 
Orangeburgh,  South  Carolina. 

The  Eocene  first  appears  at  Upper  Marlborough,  in  Prince  George 
county,  Maryland.  The  upper  stratum  is  an  indurated  arenaceous 
marl  about  4  feet  thick,  replete  with  casts  of  shells,  most  of  which 
are  identical  with  species  common  at  Claiborne,  Alabama.  Beneath 

*Americun  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  vol.  VII.  p.  39. 

fin  Dr.  Goldfuss'  splendid  work,  "Pctrifacten",  we  observe  the  genus  Exo- 
gyra  is  credited  to  Sowerby,  whereas,  our  late  and  lamented  naturalist,  Thomas 
Buy,  Es<j.  instituted  it,  and  we  consider  it'  one  of  his  happiest  efforts  in  the  sub- 
division of  genera,  presenting  us  with  an  extremely  interesting  and  natural 
•group  of  shells  characteristic  of  Cretaceous  strata,  which  were  previously  refer- 
red to  Chaina  by  European  conchologists. 


[86] 


V  80 

this  crust  is  a  mixture  of  chloride,  quartzose  and  micaceous  sand, 
resembling  a  variety  of  the  secondary  marl  of  Now  Jersey.  The 
shells  are  numerous  and  too  friable  to  collect,  but  they  can  be  sa- 
tisfactorily identified  with  those  of  Claiborne.  At  Piscataway  and 
Fort  Washington,  in  the  same  county,  where  I  first  ascertained  the 
relation  of  these  deposits  to  the  London  Clay,  in  1830,  the  same 
geological  features  are  exhibited,  and  the  superficial  crust  consists 
of  a  fine  bivalve,  Panopea  elomjata,  nob.  The  Gryphcva  vomer, 
(Morton,)  a  fossil  of  the  cretaceous  strata  and  which  closely  resem- 
bles Ostrea  lateralis,  Nillson,  occurs  not  unfrequently  in  these 
Eocene  deposits.  At  Upper  Marlborough,  the  Oxtrea  compret&iros- 
tra  is  very  abundant  and  perfect  and  is  washed  out  by  rains  from 
the  disintegrating  superficial  strata.  It  is  remarkable  that  this  is 
the  only  Eocene  fossil,  which,  after  a  careful  exami  nation  of  various 
localities  in  Virginia  and  Maryland,  I  have  detected  in  the  medial 
tertiary  strata.  In  New  Jersey,  however  a  species  common  at 
Claiborne  is  also  found  in  a  medial  tertiary  deposit,  the  Calyptrtva 
t  rock  iform  is ,  Lam . 

It  would  appear  that  the  Eocene  strata  of  Maryland,  which  rest 
immediately  on  the  marls  of  the  Cretaceous  epoch,  have  been  form- 
ed in  part  by  the  debris  of  the  hitter,  whilst  the  primary  rocks  have 
supplied  the  mica  which  is  disseminated  through  them  in  minute 
fragments.  At  Fort  Washington,  nearly  all  the  shells  are  decom- 
posed except  the  Ostrea',  which  are  usually  in  a  good  state  of  pre- 
servation. A  thick  stratum  of  clay  near  the  fossilif erous  deposits, 
forming  the  precipitous  bank  of  the  Potomac  river,  contains  abun- 
dance of  Selenite,\)\it  the  only  trace  of  organic  remains  I  discover- 
ed, was  a  fragment  of  bone,  the  relic  of  a  marine  animal.  .At  the 
base,  on  tlfo  margin  of  the  river,  I  picked  up  a  valve  of  Exoyyra, 
which  led  me  to  suppose  that  the  Green  Sand  lies  immediately  be- 
neath Ihe  surface,  and  probably  forms  the  bed  of  the  river,  but  as  I 
Afterwards  found  another  valve  near  City  Point  in  Virginia,it  seems 
probable  that  the  species  has  been  transported  by  currents  which 
washed  the  green  sand  of  the  Cretaceous  epoch  into  the  bed  of  the 
Eocene  sea. 

The  Cuculhi'a  yiyantea  and  Ostrea  compressirostra  are  the  most 
abundant  and  characteristic  fossils  at  Fort  Washington.  Most  of 
the  small  shells  appear  to  be  such  species  as  occur  at  Claiborue, 
but  they  are  very  imperfect  and  in  most  instances  merely  defined 
by  casts  in  the  coarse  matrix. 

The  Eocene  occurs  in  Virginia,  forming  the  western  boundary 
of  the  Pliocene,  and  will  probably  be  indicated  with  tolerable  ac- 

[86] 


81 

curacy  by  the  lino  drawn  by  tyr.  Maclure  for  the  boundary  of  his 
Alluvium,  through  Fredericksburg,  Richmond,  Petersburg,  &c. 

Ill-  South  Carolina,  I  have  traced  the  formation  in  question,  as 
mentioned  in  the  introduction,  at  Vance's  Ferry  on  the  Santee 
river,  in  Orangeburgh  county,  my  means  of  a  fine  series  of  fossils, 
collected  by  my  friend  Dr.  William  Blanding,  who  also  found  in 
the  vicinity  a  Jjeleinmte  imbedded  in  limestone,  (Upper  division  of 
the  cretaceous  group,  Morton)  which  constitutes  the  prevailing, 
and  indeed,  almost  the  only  formation  between  Vance's  Ferry  and 
Charleston.  At  the  former  place  then,  we  find  the  Eocene  superim- 
posed upon  the  Cretaceous  strata,  and  capped  by  a  superficial  de- 
posit of  Older  Pliocene  sands.  The  latter  have  been  discovered 
also  near  the  junction  of  the  Congaree  and  Wateree  rivers,  a  dis- 
tance of  seventy-five  miles,  in  a  direct  line,  to  Hull's  Bay  the  near- 
est point  on  the  coast. 

From  Vance's  Ferry,  the  line  of  the  Eocene  runs  a  little  to  the 
south  of  west  and  passing  through  the  town  of  Orangeburgh,  cross- 
es the  Savamiiih  river  at  Shell  Bluff  which  is  its  boundary  on  the 
west.  This  formation  appears  at  intervals,  in  a  distance  of  forty 
miles,  following  the  course  of  the  river.*  Shell  Bluff,  according  to 
the  observations  of  Mr.  Vanuxem,  is  "seventy  feet  high,  formed  of 
various  beds  of  impure  carbonate  of  lime."  The  Ostrea  Georgi- 
ana  is  here  "in  a  bed  nearly  six  feet  in  thickness  in  the  upper 
part."  A  deposit  of  the  same  kind  of  oyster  shells  occurs  near 
Milledgeville  in  Georgia,  accompanied  by  the  Scutella  quinquefa- 
ria:  (Say)  imbedded  in  a  white,  friable  limestone.  Three  parallel 
ridges  of  these  oyster  shells  are  said  to  run  from  the  Savannah  to 
the  Alatarnaha  river. 

The  Eocene  is  extensively  developed  in  Early  county  in  the 
form  of  sandstone  with  silicified  fossils,  corresponding  with  a  rock 
in  the  vicinity  of  Claiborne,  Alabama,  the  dark  surface  of  which 
is  paved,  as  it  were,  with  beautifully  translucent  silicifiod  shells. 
Dr.  N.  Jones,  of  Mobile,  remarks,  that  at  Fort  Gaines,  on  the 
Chattahochie,  a  bluff  occurs  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
in  elevation,  the  close  resemblance  of  which  to  the  Claiborne  es- 
carpment is  very  striking,  it  is  certainly  of  the  same  ago  as  the 
latter. 

At  Claiborne,  1  have  had  the  best  opportunity  of  investigating 
the  organic  remains  and  superposition  of  the  Eocene  strata.  The 
escarpment,  or  bluff,  facing  the  Alabama  river  at  Claiborne,  is,  at 

*Vide  Appendix  to  Cuvier's  •  Theory  of  the  Earth  "  by  Dr.  Mitchell. 

[87J 


'>         32 

the  point  where  I  measured  it,  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet 
in  height.  The  strata  are  nearly  horizontal,  and  continue  so  far 
as  the  bluff  extends,  which  is  about  one  mile  in  length,  and  of 
nearly  uniform  height,  sloping  gradually  at  either  extremity,  and 
in  front  invariably  precipitous,  with  occasional  narrow  and  pro- 
found ravines.  The  alluvial  land,  which  bounds  it  on  the  north 
and  south,  is  subject  to  inundations  during  the  spring  freshets,  and 
the  river  has  been  known,  though  rarely,  to  rise  sixty  feet  above 
low  water  mark.  This  action  of  the  current  on  the  friable  strata, 
uniting  with  atmospheric  causes,  is  gradually  wearing  away  the 
surface  of  the  escarpment,  and  filling  the  channel  of  the  river  with 
the  detritus. 

The  bluff  exhibits  two  distinct  terraces  occasioned  by  strata  more 
indurated  than  the  others,  and  consequently  resisting  in  a  greater 
degree  the  action  of  disintegrating  causes.  A  similar  bluff  of  equal 
extent  occurs  on  the  Alabama,  about  three  miles  south  of  Clai- 
borne ;  alluvium  intervenes,  and  then  follows  a  third  bluff  of  much 
less  elevation  than  the  preceding.  Here,  the  arenaceous  stratum, 
which  is  highly  ferruginous,  contains  vast  numbers  of  Scutella 
Lyelli,  (nob.) 

At  Claiborne  are  five  very  distinct  strata,  four  of  which  are 
more  strikingly  defined  by  the  peculiarity  of  their  fossils  than  by 
their  mineral  character.  Beneath  the  superficial  covering  of  the  sand 
and  gravel,  we  observe  the  strata  to  be  arranged  in  the  following 
order : 

1.  There  is  a  stratum  of  argillaceous  limestone,  more  or  less 
friable,  which  so  much  resembles  the  newer  limestone  of  the  creta- 
ceous group  occurring  in  the  vicinity,  that  without  reference  to  its 
organic  remains;  it  might  be  considered  of  the  same  age  as  the^lat- 
ter,  which  is  far  from  being  the  fact ;  it  is  of  less  value  as  a  build-- 
ing material,  for  it  more  rapiflly  disintegrates  on  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere.     Several  springs  flow  over  this  rock  which  issue  from 
the  base  of  the  stratum  above,  and  the  water  is  considered  purer 
than  that  of  the  wells  in  the  village.  This  limestone  is  about  forty- 
five  feet  in  thickness,  and  contains  a  few  obscure  casts  of  shells, 
referrible  to  species  occurring  in  the  sand  beneath.     The  Scutella 
Lyelli  is  the  most  frequent  fossil,  but  it  also  occurs  in  great  abun- 
dance in  the  sand  whenever  that  is  sufficiently  coherent  to  preserve 
its  form. 

2.  Immediately  beneath  is  a  terrace  of  sandstone,  from  three  to 
six  feet  thick,  being  the  upper  portion  of  the  arenaceous  stratum 
which  has  furnished  nearly  all  our  Eocene  testacea.     Over  this  ter- 

[88] 


33 

race,  in  many  places,  small  springs  of  water  constantly  flow,  falling 
only  in  drops.  Beneath  is  the  incoherent  quartzose  sand  of  a  ferru- 
ginous colour,  which  contains  myriads  of  perfect  but  friable  shells, 
of  which  there  are  about  seventy  genera  and  rather  more  than  two* 
hundred  species.  Those  bivalves  which  have' a  strong  ligament  or 
cartilage,  as  the  Lucincn  and  the  larger  Crasaatellie,  generally  have 
their  valves  in  apposition  and  the  cartilage  still  occasionally  remains. 
The  Cytherea  suberycinoides,  (Desh.)  the  most  abundant  fossil  at 
Claiborne,  very  seldom  has  the  valves  in  connexion,  but  if  there  has 
been  any  disturbance  at  the  time  of  deposition,  it  has  not  been 
sufficient  to  injure  the  most  delicate  angles  and  striae  of  the 
shells.  Occasionally  specimens  are  found  which  still  retain  their 
coloured  markings.  The  surface  of  this  stratum,  where  a  portion 
of  the  sand  has  been  washed  away  by  the  lains,  presents  the  aspect 
of  a  solid  bed  of  shells.  Near  the  base  of  it,  whatever  point  was 
examined,  a  vein  of  very  soft  lignite  was  observed,  and  what  is 
remarkable,  certain  fine  large  univalves  appear  almost  exclusively 
confined  to  this  lignite,  as  if  it  had  been  formed  from  vegetable  sub- 
stance in  the  Eocene  ocean  to  which  those  univalves  were  partial. 
Beneath  this  line,  the  sand  is  somewhat  coherent,  and  many  species 
of  shells  are  more  abundant  whilst  others  are  more  rare  than  above 
it. 

In  the  introduction  to  this  work,  I  gave  the  first  notice  of  this 
interesting  locality,  and  referred  -it  to  the  period  of  the  London  clay 
and  Calcaire  grossicr,  giving  it  a  provisional  name  which  I  gladly 
abandon  since  a  better  has  been  supplied  in  the  Eocene  of  Professor 
Lyell.  That  it  is  of  the  same,  or  nearly  the  same  age,  I  think  the 
organic  remains,  described  in  the  following  pages,  will  incontestably 
prove.  Whether  any  of  the  species,  except  Cytherea  erycinoi- 
des,  does  exist  or  not  in  the  present  ocean,  I  cannot  pretend  to  de- 
cide, as  our  cabinets  are  too  imperfect  to  admit  of  certainty  in  this 
point,  but  I  am  unable  to  refer  any  to  such  recent  species  as  have 
come  under  my  observation.  None,  it  appears  from  comparison, 
inhabits  the  coast  of  the  United  States,  and  what  is  more  remarkable, 
but  two  have  been  found  in  the  Pliocene  of  our  country.  There  is 
therefore  a  more  marked  distinction  between  the  two  tertiary  forma- 
tions than  between  the  Eocene  and  Cretaceous  strata,  because  four 
species  of  fossils  are  common  to  the  two  Blatter, —  facts  just  the 
reverse  of  those  which  have  been  published  in  relation  to  the  second- 
ary and  tertiary  of  Europe.  No  vestiges  of  fresh  water  shells  are 
observed  in  our  Eocene,  and  I  conclude,  from  the  general  character 
of  the  fossils,  that  the  formation,  unlike  that  of  Paris,  has  not  been  of 


1 89] 


oy  34 

estuary  but  oceanic  origin.  M.  Deshayes  informs  us  that.  137  spe- 
cies of  Cerithium  occur  in  the  Paris  basin,  and  this  is  said  to  be  a 
genus  partial  to  estuaries.  At  Claiborne  only  three  species  occur ; 
one  is  rare  and  a  doubtful  member  of  the  genus,  and  of  the  other  two 
species  I  procured  but  one  specimen  of  each,  which  tends  to  prove 
that  they  were  not  in  a  situation  favourable  to  their  increase.  The 
stratum  of  oysters  beneath  -may  have  been  deposited  in  a  layoon, 
but  if  so,  the  ocean  must  have  returned  and  brought  back  the  same 
class  of  shells,  which  originated  in  the  first  bed  of  the  Eocene  sea, 
whilst  with  this  convulsion  the  Ostrea  sellceformis  entirely  disap- 
peared, and  at  the  same  time  was  deposited  the  debris  of  some  rock 
which  then  first  mingled  with  the  testacea ;  and  as  this  stratum  of 
sand  and  shells  is  only  about  fourteen  feet  thick,  it  was  probably 
soon  formed,  comparatively  speaking,  which  will  explain  the 
cause  why  so  few  species  of  testacea  occur  in  comparison  with  syn- 
t-hronous  deposits  in  Europe. 

The  following  species  of  the  Eocene  at  Paris  occur  also  in  the 
sand  at  Claiborne:  Solarium  pat  alum,  (Lam.)  S.  canal  iculatum, 
(Lam.)  ttulimus  terebellatim,  (Lam.)  Siyaretus  canal  iculatus, 
(Sow.)  Calyptrtea  trochiformis,  (Lam.)  Pyrula  tricarinata,  (Lam.) 
Aricula  triyona,  (Lam.)  Cytherea  erycinoides,  (Lam.)  C.  subery- 
cinoides,  (Desh.)  Curbis  lamellosa,  (Lam.)  Cardita  planicosta, 
(Blain.)  Fistulana  elonyata.  (Desh.) 

8.  A  mass  of  Ostrea  selUefonhis,  about  three  feet  in  thickness,  in 
sand  cemented  by  carbonate  of  lime.  As  this  oyster  also  occurs  in 
the  newer  cretaceous  strata,  at  first  I  supposed  the  present  to  be  of 
the  same  age  as  the  latter  deposit,  but  a  subsequent  examination  of  the' 
inferior  stratum  convinced  me  to  the  contrary,  as  I  found  it  charac- 
terized by  Eocene  fossils  exclusively.  Large  specimens  of  the  Os- 
trea generally  have  a  water  wojrn  appearance,  and  occur  mostly  in 
single  valves  ;  the  young  which  are  vastly  abundant  are  also  disu- 
nited, but  invariably  uninjured  and  unworn.  Fragments  of  this 
rock  form  a  talus  at  the  base  of%  the  escarpment. 

4.  A  dark  coloured  marl,  seventy  feet  in  thickness,  in   which  the 
same    Ostrea  occurs,    but   smaller   and   less  abundant  than  above. 
Other  fossils  are  very  rare,  but  I   found  a  specimen  of  Playiostoma 
dnmosum,  (Morton)  which  had  attached  itself  while  living  to  an  oys- 
ter shell,  and  this  appears  to  be  the  only  instance  where  the  extinct 
genus  Ptagiostowa  has  been  found  in  a  tertiary  deposit. 

5.  The  inferior  stratum  is  an  argillaceous,  passing  into  calcareous 
marl,  containing  the  same  species  of  shells   that  occur  in  the  arena- 
ceous deposit,  but  perhaps  not  so  great  a  number  of  them ;  the  Car- 

[UOJ 


35 

dita  planicosta  is  in  great  abundance,  but  does  not  attain  to  one  half 
the  size  of  specimens  common  in  tbe  sand. 

The  insulated  position  of  the  Eocene  at  Claiborne,  is  remarkable ; 
west  of  the  vicinity  of  the  village,  the  whole  country  is  secondary, 
or  of  that  limestone  which  Dr.  Morton  has  compared  to  the  Maes- 
•tricht  deposit,  and  termed  the  "  upper  division  of  the  cretaceous 
group".  As  we  proceed  west,  we  traverse  hills  of  the  same  lime- 
stone but  find  no  trace  of  the  tertiary  until  we  arrive  at  St.  Stephens, 
on  the  Tombeckbe,  where  it  is  still  more  isolated  than  at  Claiborne, 
being  bounded  immediately  from  the  river  by  the  cretaceous  strata 
on  the  west,  and  on  the  south  by  alluvium  which  intervenes  between 
it  and  the  secondary.  On  the  north  it  also  dips  under  the  alluvium, 
and  appears  to  be  the  rock  which  forms  the  rapid  two  miles  north  of 
St.  Stephens,  the  first  which  is  met  with  in  ascending  the  river.  The 
tide  flows  to  the  foot  of  this  rapid,  a  distance  of  ninety  miles  from 
the  head  of  Mobile  Bay,  but  this  happens  only  in  the  lowest  stage  of 
the  water. 

From  some  notices  which  have  been  published  respecting  the  ele- 
vated bluff  at  Natchez,  on  the  Mississippi,  we  infer  that  is  of  the 
formation  in  question,  which,  crossing  the  river,  reappears  on  the 
bank  of  the  Ouachita,  near  the  town  of  Monroe,  in  Louisiana,  where 
it  is  associated  with  creatceous  strata.  Th'is  locality  is  of  great 
interest  to  a  geologist,  as  it  will,  when  investigated,  solve  a  problem 
of  great  importance,  whether  or  not  remains  of  animals  belonging  to 
the  order  Enalio-Sauri  exist  in  the  tertiary.  The  gigantic  vertebra? 
of  the  Bdsilosanrus,  (Harlan)  were  found  here  enveloped  in  Eocene 
marl,  but  specimens  which  Dr.  Harlan  conceives  to  be  relics  of  the 
same  species,  from  the  newest  secondary  limestone  of  Clark  county, 
Alabama,  have  been  sent  to  this  city  by  John  G.  Creagh,  Esq.  and 
A.  B.  Cooper,  Esq.  of  Claiborne.  These  highly  interesting  remains 
were  found  on  the  plantation  of  Mr.  Creagh,  and  are  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  Dr.  Morton,  who  has  laboured  diligently  to  procure  what- 
ever may  advance  a  knowledge  of  American  geology. 

In  Wilcox  county,  Alabama,  on  the  plantation  of  my  friend  Judge 
Tait,  the  Eocene  appears  in  the  form  of  a  dark  coloured  sandstone, 
in  which  the  shells  are  only  traced  by  imperfect  chalky  vestiges, 
but  sufficiently  defined  to  shew  their  relation  to  the  fossils  at  Clai- 
borne. The  common  grist  mills  of  the  vicinity  are  supplied  with 
stones  from  this  rock,  which  I  have  not  seen  in  situ,  nor  do  I  know 
the  extent  to  which  it  has  been  observed  in  Alabama.  In  the  de- 
composed state  of  the  fossils,-  it  differs  from  other  varieties  nearly 

[91] 


the  same  in  mineral  character,  that,  for  instance  near  Claiborne, 
where  the  shells  are  silicificd.. 

It  has  been  remarked  of  the  Eocene  deposits  of  Europe,  that  they 
fill  depressions  or  basins  in  the  chalk.  The  equivalent  formation 
in  Alabama,  fills  valleys  or  depressions  in  a  white  argillaceous  very 
friable  limestone,  which  Dr.  Morton  has  shown  to  be  cretaceous 
and  analogous  to  the  Maestricht  beds.  This  limestone,  like  the 
chalk  of  England,  forms  a  rolling  or  undulating  country  and  appears 
to  have  been  subjected  to  extensive  denudation.  The  upper  bed  of 
the  Eocene,  in  some  places  nearly  fifty  feet  thick,  has  evidently 
been  formed  of  its  detritus. 


Thefollnieiny  tenn»  are  adopted  for  tltt  American  Tertiary  formation*. 

Ifyper  Tertiary  or  Neieer  Pliocene.  Near  Newbern,  N.  C.  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Potomac  river,  Md.  Charleston,  S.  C.  Nearly  all  the  spe- 
cies inhabit  the  coast  of  the  United  States. 

Medial  Tertiary  or  Older  Pliocene.  St.  Marys  river,  Md.  parls  of  Lan- 
caster county,  Va.  Yorktown.  Va.  James  river  near  Srnithfield,  Va. 
Suffolk,  Va.'  Stow  creek,  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  Charlotte  Hall, 
S.  Marys  co.  Md.  Choptunk  river  near  Easton.  Md.  Of  150  sp«- 
cics,  40  inhabit  the  coast  of  the  United  States  and  several  others 
live  in  remote  seas. 

Lmter  Tertiary  or  Kdeene.  Upper  llarlborough,  Md.  Piscataway  and 
Fort  Washington,  Md.  Vance's  Ferry  on  Santee  river,  8.  C. 
Orange-burgh,  S.  C.  Shell  Bluff,  Ga.  Wilcox  co.  Al.  Claiborne,  Al. 
St.  Stephens,  Al.  parts  of  West  Florida,  Natchex,  Mi.  near  Mon- 
roe! on  Ouachita,  L.  No  species  inhabits  the  Atlantic  coast,  and 
of  'two  hundred  species  only  two  have  been  found  in  the  Pliocene. 


It  is  necessary  to  observe,  that  all  the  species  of  Eocene  fossils  de- 
scribed in  the  following  pages,  unless  where  credit  is  given  or  no  refer- 
ence made,  were  published  before  Mr.  Lea's  "Contributions  to  Geology". 
No.  8  was  published  August,  ia33,  and  No.  4,  October,  1883.— They 
have  been  reprinted  in  order  to  group  together  the  species  of  each  genus. 


Corrigenda. 

Tab.  2,  fig.  2.  This  was  described  as  P.  piilrinatu*.  but  it  is  now  as- 
certained to  be  very  distinct,  and  it  is  proposed  to  name  it  P.  lentifonui*. 
Fig.  8  closely  resembles  P.  raruibili*,  of  Sowerby ;  but  in  comparing  spe- 
cimens of  that  species,  given  me  by  Richard  C.  Taylor,  Esq.,  with  the 
American  analogue,  I  find  that  in  the  latter  the  marginal  teeth  are  wider, 
fewer  in  number,  and  much  more  ornamental. 


[92] 


37 

MONOCEROS  ARMIGERUS.     Tab.  15,  fig.  I. 

Short  subfusiform,  ventricose,  ponderous,  with  two  series  of 
distant  prominent  thick  spines,  one  on  the  shoulder,  the  other  near 
the  middle  of  the  large  whorl ;  base  reflected,  carinated ;  labrum 
with  a  short  tooth  and  two  inferior  small  teeth. 

Syn.     Fusus  TAITII,  Lea,  Con.  p.  152,  pi  5,  fig.  159. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Resembles  Murex  miuax.  Brander.  The  spines  near  the  la- 
brum in  some  specimens  are  an  inch  long.  I  referred  it  with  a 
mark  of  doubt  to  Melongena  in  No.  8,  first  edition. 


MONOCEROS  VETUSTUS.     Tab.  IB,  ftg.-B. 

Obovate,  ventricose,  thick,  with  obsolete  spiral  lines;  summit 
of  the  body  whorl  indented  ;  suture  impressed ;  groove  profound, 
between  it  and  the  base  the  shell  is  bicarinated  and  has  a  few  im- 
pressed lines;  umbilicus  profound;  tooth  very  short. 
.'Syn.     M.  PYKULOIDES,  Lea,  Con.  p.  101,  pi.  5, /.  166. 

M.  FUSIFORM^,  ib.  p.  162,  pi.  5,  /.  167. 
Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

The  umbilicus  varies  much  in  size  in  different  specimens,  and 
is  generally  wanting  in  old  shells.     No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  44. 


MELONGENA  ALVEATA.     Tab.  15.  fig.  2. 

Subglobose,  thick  ;  spire  short;  whorls  with  a  broad  furrow,  dis- 
tinctly marked  on  the  shoulder  of  the  body  whorl ;  a  few  distinct 
and  numerous  obscure  spiral  striae;  body  whorl  with  a  large  obtuse 
oblique  carina  extending  to  the  base;  umbilicated  ;  columella  cal- 
lous, flattened  inferiorly  ;  aperture  patulous. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.  * 

fiyn.     PYRULA.  SMITHII,  Lea,  Con.  p.  155,  pi.  5,  /.  162. 

The  genus  Melongena,  Sowerby,  seems  to  form  a  natural  group 
of  shells  very  distinct  from  the  true  Pyrulce.  I  first  described 
this  species  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  23,  p.  344. 


[93] 


;^-v         38  '.,-    ~~ff 

CONUS  SAURIDENS.     Tab.  16,  fig.  7. 

Thin  and  fragile,  smooth,  with  impressed  spiral  striae  at  base; 
sides  straight;  spire  short,  slightly  concave,  with  spiral  striae; 
suture  cariuated ;  shoulder  angulated  ;  columella  folded  at  base. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Rather  rare,  and  remarkable  for  the  tenuity  of  the  shell  and 
the  fold  on  the  columella.  No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  33. 


ROSTELLARIA  VELATA.     Tab.  15,  fig.  4.* 

Fusiform,  with  longitudinal  curved  ribs  and  spiral  striae,  but 
coated  more  or  less  with  a  smooth  polished  calcareous  deposit, 
bounded  by  a  deep  groove  running  on  the  spire  and  returning 
towards  the  base ;  labnim  not  expanded ;  margin  thick  and  reflect- 
ed ;  beak  and  spire  prolonged  and  attenuated. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab, 

Syn.    R.  LAMARCKII,  Lea,  Con.  p.  158,  pi.  5,  /.  1C4. 

This  curious  species  is  very  abundant.  Young  shells  are  desti- 
tute of  the  tunic  and  the  margin  of  the  labrum  is  thin  and  not  re- 
flected. No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  31. 


ROSTELLARIA  LAQUEATA.     Tab.  15,  fig,  6f. 

Subfusiform,  with  acute  longitudinal  slightly  curved  plicae  on 
the  superior  half  of  each  whorl ;  whorls  slightly  convex,  with  fine 
spiral  striae ;  labium  thickened  and  reflected,  the  callus  continued 
on  the  spire  ;  labrum  thick,  margin  acute,  biangulated  inferiorly ; 
base  with  strong  spiral  striae ;  truncated. 

.Syn.     R.  CUVIERI,  Lea,  Con.  p.  1GO,  pi.  5,  /.  165. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

This  species  is  very  abundant.     No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  41. 


PYRULA  TRICARINATA.     Tab.  15,  fig.  6. 
Subfusiform ;  reticulated  ;tricarinated  ;  spire  elevated  and  point- 

"•Misprint  for  "Jig.  5."— G.  I).  II. 
{Misprint  for  "/</.  4."— G.  D.  H. 

[94] 


89 

ed ;  base  produced,  attenuated ;  labrum  thickened  on  the  submar- 
gin  within. 

Var.     A.     Not  carinated. 

Syn.     P.  PBNITA,  nqb,  No.  8,  first  ed.  p.  32. 

P.  CANCELLATA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  154  pi.  5,  /.  160. 

P.  ELBGANTI88IMA,  ibid.  pi.  5,  /.  101. 

Locality.     Clai borne,  Alab. 

This  shell  agrees  so  well  with  the  tricariitata,  Lam.  as  figured 
in  Sowerby's  Genera  of  Shells,  that  I  here  refer  it  to  that  species, 
a  fossil  of  the  Calcaire  grossier.     That  the  variety  is  not  distinct 
•  I  am  assured  by  comparison  of  many  specimens. 


EMARGINULA  ARATA.     Tab.  15,  Jig.  8. 

Ovato-oblong,  with  angular  ribs,  largest  anteriorly,  alternated 
in  size  and  crossed  by  close  set  wrinkles ;  apex  central,  acute, 
much  curved  ;  fissure  wide  but  not  very  profound. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  ATab. 

This  elegant  species  is  extremely  rare.     No.  4,  first  ed,  p.  44. 


FISSURELLA  TENEBROSA.     Tab.  15,  fig.  9. 

Oval,  elevated,  slightly  compressed  above ;  with  numerous  deli- 
cate costiB  alternated  in'  size,  dnd  crossed  by  very  fine  striae, 
'giving  the  ribs  a  granulat'ed  appearance ;  fissure  narrow,  inclined ; 
inferior  margin  with  crenulations  disposed  in  pairs. 

Syn.     F.  CLAIBORNENSIS,  Lea.  Con.  p.  94,  pi.  3,  /.  74. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.       .  • 

Rare  and  seldom  perfect.     No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  33. 


DENTALIUM  THALLOIDES.     Tab.  15,  fig.  10. 

Elongated,  slightly  curved,  with  prominent  longitudinal  costic, 
alternated  in  size,  or  of  three  different  sizes. 

Syn.     D.  ALTKRNATUM,  Lea.  Con.  p.  34,  pL  1,  fig.  2. 
Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

,j~"  -9  .• 

[95] 


40 

TURRITELLA  MORTONI.     Tab.  16,  fig.  11. 

Turrited,  attenuated  towards  the  apex,  with  spiral  stria' ;  volu. 
tions  concave,  carinated  at  the  base ;  aperture  effuse. 

Var.  A.  whorls  rectilinear,  spiral   striae  profound. 

Syn.     T.  CARINATA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  129,  pi.  4,  Jig.  120. 

Localities.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Piscataway,  Md. 

Common  :  I  first  found  the  species  in  Maryland  and  described 
it  in  the  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  v.  6,  p.  221, 
pi.  x,  f.  2.  Mr.  Lea  re-figures  it  as  new  three  years  afterward. 


TURRITELLA  OBRUTA.      Tab  15,  Jig.  12. 

Whorls  11,  slightly  convex,  with  about  7  sharp  elevated  stria? 
on  each  and  intermediate  fine  close  set  lines;  area  of  the  suture 
indented :  aperture  subovate. 

Syn.     T.  LINEATA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  180,  pi  4,  /.  121. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


TURRITELLA  VETUSTA.     Tab  15,  Jig.  13. 

Turrited,  with  spiral  raised  lines  alternated  in  size,  and  longi- 
tudinal much  arcuated  wrinkles ;  whorls  angulated  at  the  summit ; 
aperture  obliquely  elliptical,  effuse  ;  labrum  extremely  thin  ;  labi- 
um  somewhat  folded,  and  slightly  reflected  at  base. 

CERITHIUM?  STRIATUM,  Lea,  Con.  p.  131,  pi.  4,  /.  122. 

Very  numerous  but  so  rarely  perfect  that  its  generic  character 
has  been  hitherto  mistaken.  I  referred  to  Melania?  in  No.  3,  first 
ed.  Its  aperture  resembles  that  of  T.  melanoides,  Lam. 


BULLA  GALBA.     Tab.  15,  fig.  14. 

Subcylindrlcal,  slightly  contracted  near  the  middle ;  obsolete 
spiral  lines  at  base ;  labium  reflected  at  base ;  aperture  very  nar- 
now  above,  rather  suddenly  expanded  inferiorly. 

Syn.     B.  ST  HILLAIKII,  Lea,  Con.  p.  98,  pi.  4,  /.  78.  , 


[96] 


41 

In  the  first  edition  of  this  No.  it  was  inadvertently  named  Vul- 
varia  galba.     It  may  prove  to  be  the  Bulhi  constricta,  Sow. 


VOLUTA  SAY  ANA.     Tab.  16,  Jig.  1. 

Ventricose,  with  numerous  distinct  longitudinal  striae ;  body  vo- 
lution profoundly  undulated  above,  the  ridges  tuberculated  by  the 
intersection  of  coarse  spiral  lines ;  lines  less  distinct  in  the  middle 
and  profound  near  the  base;  columella  4-plaited,  the  superior  one 
obsolete;  labium  striated  within. 

Syn.     V.  GRACILIS,  V.  DEFKANCII,  V.  PARVA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  171. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

A  common  species,  allied  to  V.  luctator.  The  plaits  vary  in 
number :  one  specimen  is  profoundly  cancellated,  and  has  a  de- 
pressed spire.  The  species  is  dedicated  to  Say,  the  lamented 
naturalist.  No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  29. 


VOLUTA  PETROSA.     Tab.  16,  fig.  2. 

Subglabrous;  coronated;  with  8  to  10  longitudinal  folds;  spire 
turrited ;  base  striated ;  columella  with  two  plaits. 
Syti.     V.  VANUXEMI,  Lea,  Con.  p.  173,  pi.  6,  /.  182. 
Locality.     Claiborrie,  Alab. 
Allied  to  V '.  spinosa,     Not  abundant.     No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  29. 


OLIVA  ALABAMENSIS.     Tab.  16,  fig.  3. 

Subfusiform ;  spire  elevated,  acute  ;  whorls  contracted  or  in- 
dented above  the  suture ;  aperture  effuse. 

Syn.  O.  OKEENOUGHI,  O.  DUBIA,  O.  GKACiLis,  (young)  Lea, 
Con.  p.  183,  pi.  6,/.  196,  197,  198. 

Locality      Claiborne,  Alab. 

A  variable  species,  and  remarkably  abundant.  A  variety  has 
the  spire  so  elevated  that  the  aperture  is  little  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  shell,  which  is  unusually  slender. 

O.  Phillipsii,  Lea,  may  be  a  variety  in  the  very  young  state. 


[97] 


42 

OLIVA  BOMBYLIS.     Tab.  16,  fig.  4. 

Shell  slender,  subcylindrical ;  spire  prominent,  acute,  the  vo- 
lutions with  an  obsolete  impressed  line. 

Syn.     O.  CONSTRICTA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  182,  pi.  6,  p.  196. 
Locality.     Clai  borne,  Alab. 
Allied  to  O.  clavula,  Lam.     rare. 


ANCILLARIA  LYMNEOIDES.     16,  fig.  6. 

Shell  smooth,  with  a  prominent  acute  spire,  and  a  large  fold 
on  the  middle  of  the  columella ;  aperture  effuse. 

Syn.     MONOPTYGMA  ALABAMIENSIS,  Lea,  Con.  p.  186  p.  6,  /.  201. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

This  shell  agrees  with  Ancillaria  in  every  character  but  the 
fold:  if  this  is  sufficient  for  generic  distinction,  the  Conus  sauri- 
dens,  nob.  should  be  made  the  type  of  a  new  genus  for  the  same 
reason.  Lea's  second  species  of  Monoptygma  is  an  Actceon. 

No.  4,  first  edition,  p.  44. 


ANCILLARIA  TENERA.     Tab.  16,  fig.  5. 

Thin,  ventricose  ;  spire  turrited ;  whorls  angular  and  plicated 
at  the  summit;  aperture  large,  effuse ;  columella  much  arcuated. 
Locality.     Claiborne.  Alab.     Allied  to  A.  scamba,  nob.     rare. 


MITRA  PEREXILIS.      Tab.  16,  fig.  7. 

Narrow-fusiform,  with  smooth  convex  whorls ;  spire  subulate, 
much  elevated ;  base  with  impressed  lines;  columella  3-plaited; 
aperture  narrow. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab'. 


MITRA  FUSOIDES.     Tab.  16,  fig.  8. 

Short  subfusiform,  with  longitudinal  ribs,  and  minute  spiral 
lines  distfnct  at  base ;  whorls  furrowed  below  the  suture ;  apex  ob- 


[98] 


43 

tuse;  columella  4-plated;   labrum  minutely   crenulated   within. 
Syn.     M.  FUSOIDES,  Lea,  Con.  p.  169,  pi.  6,  /.  176. 
Locality.     Claiborno,  Alab. 

Closely  allied  to  M.  pumila,  Sowerby, 

* 


MITRA  PACTILIS.     Tab.  16,  fig.  21. 

Subfusiform ;  spire  much  elevated  ;  superior  half  of  the  whorls 
plain  and  concave  above,  inferiorly  convex  and  nodulous ;  suture 
profound ;  apex  pappillated ;  columella  4-plaited. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Although  the  pappillated  apex  of  this  shell  is  at  variance  with 
the  Mitrce,  as  characterized  by  Lamarck,  yet  its  other  characters 
are  decidedly  those  of  the  genus. 


VOLUTA  PRISCA.     Tab.  16,  fig.  9. 

Obovate,  ventricose,  thin  ;  spire  depressed  ;  apex  obtuse ;  whorls 
plicated  at  the  suture ;  base  profoundly  striated  ;  columella  with  4 
rather  oblique  subequal  compressed  folds ;  aperture  effuse. 

Syn.     VOLUTA  COOPERII,  Lea,  Con.  p.  175,  pi.  6,  /  186. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

The  coloured  markings  still  remain  on  some  specimens  and  ex- 
hibit revolving  series  of  dark  quadrangular  spots.  I  described 
this  shell  as  a  Turbinella,  in  No.  4,  first  edit,  but  the  base  is  not 
channelled  and  is  slightly  emarginate. 


MITRA  SOLARIS.     Tab.  16,  fig.  11. 

Subfusiform,  with  fine  close  spiral  lines  ;  superior  portion  of  the 
whorls  slightly  concave,  inferior  convex  ;  spire  elevated ;  apex  ob- 
tuse ;  columella  with  4  thick  plaits ;  base  slightly  reflected  and 
produced ;  subemarginate. 

Syn.  MITRA  HUMBOLDTII,  M.  FLEMING n,  VOLUTA  PARKINSONI, 
Lea,  Con.  pi.  6,  177,  178, 184. 

A  common  species.     No.  3,  first' edition,  p.  34. 


[99] 


5);   44          ?-j?r 
TURBINELLA  PR^TENUIS.     Tab.  17,  fig.  1 

Pyriform,  very  thin,  with  revolving  impressed  lines,  profound 
at  base  ;  whorls  superiorly  indented  ;  spire  cancellated  ;  suture  de- 
fined by  a  prominent  line ;  apex  papillated  ;  columella  6  to  6-plait- 
ed  ;  plaits  compressed ;  base  prolonged,  slightly  twisted,  somewhat 
attenuated.  *^ 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

This  shell  is  evidently  congeneric  with  T.  pyruloides,  which  Mr 
Lea  absurdly  refers  to  Valuta,  whereas  its  characters  are  just  the 
reverse  of  those  of  the  true  Volutes,  the  folds  decreasing  in  size 
from  above,  as  in  Mitra,  and  the  base  canaliculate  and  not  emar- 
ginate. 

If  these  two  shells  will  not  agree  either  with  the  Turbinellcje  or 
Mitrce,  they  will  form  a  new  sub-genus,  which  might  be  termed 
CARICELLA. 


CANCELLARIA  GEMMATA.     Tab.  16,  fig.  10. 

Scalariform ;  with  longitudinal  acute  ribs  which  coronate  the 
whorls  ;  spire  much  elevated  ;  spiral  lines  obsolete ;  columella  con- 
cave, 3-plaited  ;  umbilicus  effuse,  carinated  on  the  margin  ;  labrum 
obtusely  reflected,  striate  within ;  aperture  subobovate. 

Syn.     C.  BABYLONICA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  138,  pi.  5,  f.  134. 

Locality.  .  Claiborne,  Alab. 

A  beautiful  species,  remarkable  in  not  being  cancellated ;  it  is 
not  abundant  but  generally  very  perfect.  No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  35. 


CANCELLARIA  ALVEATA.     Tab.  16,  fig.  19. 

Subfusiform ;  turrited  ;  revolving  lines  fine  but  distinct ;  whorls 
obtusely  angulated  ;  columella  3-plaited,  labrum  striate  within. 

Syn.      C.  MULTIPLICATA,    C.  SCULPTURA,  C.  TESSELLATA,    C.  ELE- 

VATA,  C.  COST  ATA,  C.  PARVA,  Lea.  Con.  pi.  5,  /.  135,  136,  138, 
139,  140,  141. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

*  This  small  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  preceding  : 
No.  4,  first  edition,  p.  45. 


[100] 


45  .     . 

MARGINELLA  LARVATA,   Tab.  16,  fig.  12. 

Ovate,  thick,  gibbous  above  on  the  labrum  ;  spire  obsolete  ;  la- 
brum  without  a  varix,  margin  acute. 

Syn.  M.  OVATA,  M.  SEMEN,  (young)  Lea*  Con.  p.  178,  pi.  6, 
/.  190,  191.  OLIVA  MINIMA?/.  200. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  33. 


MARGINELLA  CRASSILABRA.     Tab.  13,  fig.  13. 

Subovate,  thick ;  spire  slightly  elevated ;  suture  indented  and 
margined  beneath  by  a  prominent  line ;  apex  obtuse ;  varix  on  the 
outer  lip  very  thick  and  extending  upon  the  spire  ;  lip  with  very 
numerous  crenulations  within ;  columella  with  9  or  10  folds. 

Syn.     M.  ANATINA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  176,  pi.  6,  /.  186. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

The  whorls  of  this  species  are  slightly  flattened  above,  and 
the  deposit  on  the  spire  is  also  continued  widely  over  the  labium ; 
the  folds  cover  a  great  portion  of  the  columella,  and  the  superior 
ones  are  slightly  deflected.  No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  33. 


MARGINELLA  HUMEROSA,     Tab.  16,  fig.  14. 

Ovate,  ventricose  ;  spire  very  short ;  labrum  much  thickened, 
margin  straight,  minutely  crenulated  within  ;  columella  with  4 
folds,  the  two  inferior  ones  much  the  largest. 

Syn.     M.  CRASSILABRA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  177,  pi.  6,  fig.  188. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


MARGINELLA  COLUMBA.     Tab.  16,  fig.  16. 

p 

Ovate  ;  spire  rather  elevated ;  labrum  not  greatly  thickened, 
regularly  arcuated  ;  columella  rectilinear,  with  5  regular  folds,  the 
4  inferior  ones  subequal. 

M.  OOLUMBA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  177,  pi  6.  /.  187. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


[101] 


-H"   46 

MARGINELLA  CONSTRICTA.     Tab.  16,  fig.  16. 

Narrow,  somewhat  elliptical ;  spire  rather  elevate'd,  pointed ; 
columella  with  3  plaits ;  labrura  acutely  angular  above. 
Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Extremely  rare. 


CREPIDULA  LIRATA.     Tab.  16,  fig.  17. 

Oblique,  elevated,  compressed,  with  longitudinal  irregular  cos- 
tae  and  transverse  wrinkles ;  beak  much  produced,  curved  forward 
and  laterally,  subspiral  at  the  apex;  cavity  very  profound;  aper- 
ture oblong  ;  margin  of  the  diaphragm  arcuated. 

Syn.     C.  CORNU  ARIETIS,  Lea,  Con.  p.  QT,pl.  3,/.  77. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

One  of  the  most  abundant  fossils  at  Claiborne.  It  was.  published 
originally  in  the  Amer.  Journ.  Science  and  Arts,  v.  23,  p.  344. 


CREPIDULA  DUMOSA.     Tab.  16,  fig.  20. 

Convex,  with  longitudinal  ribs  alternated  in  size,  the  larger  ribs 
armed  with  short  erect  spines ;  beak  laterally  curved,  subspiral. 

^Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

In  having  spines,  this  shell  resembles  the  recent  C.  aculeata  of 
the  West  Indies,  and  the  Pliocene  fossil,  C.  costata,  Morton. 


INFUNDIBULUM  TROCHIFORMIS.     Tab.  16,  fig.  21*. 

Orbicular,  convex  or  subconical,  spinous ;  vertex  subcentral, 
smooth ;  spire  conspicuous. 

Syn.    CALYPTREA  TROCHIFORMIS,  Lam.  An.  des  Mus.  v.  1,  p. 
385,  and  v.  7,  pi.  15,  fig.  3.     Deshayes,  Coq.  Foss.  v.  2,  pi.  4. 
.    INFUNDIBULUM    ECHINULATUM,  I.   SPINULOSUM,   I.  TUBERCULA- 
TUM,  Sow.  v.  I, pi.  97,  fig.  1,  2,  7. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

In  No.  3,  first  edition,  I  gave  it  the  name  of  I.  urticosum,  but 
I  no  longer  consider  its  identity  with  the  Paris  species  doubtful. 
Mr  Lea  calls  it  I.  trochiformis,  thus  giving  it  the  name  of  La- 
marck's shell,  yet  describing  it  as  a  new  species ! 

•Misprint  for  "fig.  18."— G.  D.  II. 

[1021 


47 

This  interesting  fossil,  very  characteristic  of  the  Eocev.4  of  the 
environs  of  Paris,  is  equally  so  of  the  equivalent  formation  at 
Claiborne,  where  it  exists  in  all  the  varieties  which  M.  Deshayes 
has  figured  in  his  valuable  work,  "  Fossil  Shells  of  the  environs 
of  Paris." 


SILIQUARI A  VITIS.     Tab.  17,  fig.  2. 

Contorted,  with  longitudinal  ribs  becoming  obsolete  inferiorly  ; 
wrinkled  transversely ;  fissure  inarticulate. 

Syn.  S.  CLAIBORNENSIS,  Lea,  Con.  p.  33,  pi.  1,  /.  1. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

This  shell  is  common  at  Claiborne,  where  I  have  seen  it  twelve 
inches  or  more  in  length  near  the  base  of  the  arenaceous  stratum, 
but  it  was  too  friable  to  be  extracted  entire.  I  have  a  pair  twisted 
together,  in  the  spiral  portion,  like  two  tendrils  of  a  vine.  This 
shell  has  numerous  thin  vaulted  septa.  No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  36. 


SOLARIUM  ALVEATUM.     Tab.  17,  fig.  3. 

Discoidal,  smooth,  with  two  impressed  lines  near  the  suture, 
which  is  profound  ;  periphery  acutely  angulated  ;  base  flat  with  a 
carinatod  line  and  groove  near  the  periphery  ;  umbilicus  with  con- 
ical denticulations. 

£//?*.  S.  BI.LINEATUM,  Lea,  Con.  p.  119,  pi.  4,  f.  106. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

The  most  abundant  species.     No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  31. 


SOLARIUM  ELABORATUM.     Tab.  17,  fig.  4. 

Convex,  with  numerous  crenulated  unequal  striae;  periphery 
acute ;  beneath  margined  by  a  ridge  and  broad  furrow,  with  near- 
ly smooth  revolving  lines,  except  the  three  nearest  the  umbilicus, 
which  are  crenulated  and  profound ;  whorls  within  the  umbilicus 
with  a  carinated  line  in  the  middle. 

S.  ELABOKATUM,  American  Journ.  Science,  vol.  23,  p.  344. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


s:  48 

A  rare  species,  the  young  of  which  may  be  confounded  with  S. 
canaliculatum,  Lam.  occurring  in  the  same  locality,  but  differs  in 
wanting  the  channel  above,  &c.  The  latter  species  was  inadvert- 
ently omitted  from  the  plate. 


SOLARIUM  EXACUUM.     Tab.  17,  fig.  5. 

Discoid,  with  smooth,  regular,  revolving  stria3 ;  area  of  the  su- 
ture broadly  furrowed.;  periphery  carinated  ;  margin  rounded 
above,  striated  ;  base  nearly  flat,  with  a  slight  submarginal  furrow, 
obscure  revolving  stria3,  and  transverse  wrinkles ;  margin  of  the 
umbilicus  carinated. 

Stjn.     DELPHINULA  PLANA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  117,  pi.  4,  /.  104. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

This  elegant  species  resembles  a  Valvata  with  a  depressed 
spire.  Rare.  No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  44. 


SOLARIUM  STALAGMIUM,  Tab.  17,  fig.  6. 

Discoidal,  with  two  prominent  crenulated  stria-,  and  one  or  two 
intermediate  obscure  lines ;  area  of  the  suture  broadly  furrowed ; 
periphery  rounded,  with  regular  revolving  lines  ;  base  convex, 
with  obsolete  revolving  lines,  and  distinct  lines  diverging  from 
margin  of  the  umbilicus ;  whorls  within  the  umbilicus  bicarinaie, 
transversely  striated ;  aperture  nearly  orbicular. 

Syn.     S.  ELEGANS,  Lea,  Con.  p.  121,  pi.  4,  /.  109. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

This  is  a  common  species,  and  the  most  beautiful  fossil  at  Clai- 
borne. No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  44. 


SOLARIUM  FUNGINUM.     Tab.  17,  fig.  7. 

Discoidal;  slightly  convex;  whorls  minutely  plicated  at  the  su- 
ture, which  is  profound  ;  periphery  with  a  crenulated  carina ;  base 
flat,  slightly  grooved  near  the  margin  ;  short  impressed  lines  radi- 
ating from  the  umbilicus,  interrupted  by  an  impressed  submarginal 
line. 

[104] 


49 

&yn.  SOLARIUM  HKNKICI,  Lea,  Contrib,  p.  119,  pi.  4,  /.  107. 
Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  44. 


SOLARIUM  AMCENUM.     Tab.  17,  fig.  8. 

Discoidal ;  whorls  carinated  immediately  above  the  suture, 
crenulated  below  the  suture,  and  with  a  very  minute  impressed 
revolving  line;  periphery  carinated,  margined  on  either  side  by  a 
groove  and  carinated  line ;  base  nearly  flat,  slightly  convex,  with 
lines  radiating  from  the  margin  of  the  uiubilicus,  interrupted  by 
two  impressed  submarginal  lines. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


SOLARIUM  PATULUM.     Tab.  17,  fig.  9. 

Convex ;  whorls  flattened  or  slightly  concave,  carinated  and 
crenulated  on  the  margin ;  base  with  a  submarginal  furrow  ;  um- 
bilicus patulous. 

S.  l\itulum,  Lam.  Deshayes,  Coq.  Foss. 

Locality,  Claiborne,  Alab. 

I  published  this  species  by  the  name  of  S.  scrobiculatum,  but 
it  appears  to  be  identical  with  the  patulum,  Lam.  a  fossil  of  the 
Calcaire  yrossier  at  Qrigncm. 


SOLARIUM  CANCELLATUM.     Tab.  17,  fig.  11. 

Subconical,  cancellated  ;  volutions  with  3  prominent  revolving 
carinae,  and  channelled  at  the  suture  ;  base  cancellated  ;  umbilical 
margin  carinated  ;  whorls  cancellated  within  the  umbilicus  ;  aper- 
ture suborbicular.  ;*-. 

S.  cancellation,  nob.  American  Journal  of  Science,  v.  23,  p. 
344;  Lea,  Con.  p.  121,  pl.t4tf\  HO.. 

Locality.     Claiborne.  Alab. 

In  Silliman's  Journal,.!  inadvertently  named  Suffolk  in  Vir- 
ginia as  the  locality  of  this  shell  which  occurs  only  at  Claiborne. 
Mr  Lea  claims  not  only  the  species  but  the  name  1  bad  given  it ! 


[105] 


50 

I  SOLARIUM  TRICOSTATUM.     Tab.  17,  fig  10. 

Subconical,  with  angular  whorls  and  3  or  4  prominent  crenula- 
ted  revolving  carinse;  suture  channelled;  base  with  revolving 
lines  ;  umbilicus  small,  carinated  within  near  the  margin. 

Syn.     S.  GKANULATUM,  Lea,  Con.  p.  122,  pi.  4,  jig.  111. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

This  species  is  rare.  The  name  granulatuin  being  used  by 
Lamarck,  I  am  obliged  to  substitute  another. 


SOLARIUM  LINEATUM.     Tab.  17,  fig.  12. 

Subconical ;  whorls  convex,  with  smooth  regular  prominent  re- 
volving lines  ;  area  of  the  suture  furrowed  ;  apex  prominent ;  base 
convex,  lineated  ;  margin  of  the  umbilicus  not  crenulated ;  aper- 
ture orbicular. 

Syn.     TDKBO  LINEATUS,  Lea,  Con.  p.  120,  pi.  4,  /.  116. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Rare.     No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  44. 


PLEUROTOM  A  ALTERNATA.      Tab.  17,  fig.  13. 

Fusiform,  with  revolving  close  unequal  wrinkled  lines ;  whorls 
angular,  carinated  in  the  middle ;  carina  on  the  superior  whorls 
crenulated ;  beak  produced. 

Syn.  I    P.  LESUERII,  Lea,  COM,  p.  137,  pi.  4,  /.  133. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     No.  4,  first  edition,  p.  46. 


!  PLEUROTOMA  TABULATA.     Tab.  17,  fig.  14.  ?< 

Turrited,  longitudinally  undulated  ;  angle  of  the  whorls  carina- 
ted ;  revolving  stritu* minute,  cancellated  by  the  lines  of  growth; 
umbilicated. 

Syn.     P.  C.KLATA,  Lea,  Con.  p.  132,  pi.  4,  fig.  123. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

This  species  most  resembles  the  P.  dentata,  Lam.  but  is  very 
distinct.  No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  46. 


[100] 


51 

PLEUROTOMA  PRORUTA.     Tab.  17,  fig-  16. 

Fusiform,  smooth ;  whorls  convex,  with  a  submarginal  impres- 
sed line ;  body  whorl  ventricose  ;  «ubmargin  of  the  labrum  with  a 
slight  oblique  varix  ;  labrum  emarginato  near  the  base. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Allied  to  P.  priscat  Sow,  I  formerly  referred  it  to  Fusus,  but 
having  examined  more  perfect  specimens,  I  find  it  possesses  the 
emarginate  labrum, 


PEUROTOMA  NUPERA.     Tab.  IT,  fig.  10. 

Fusiform ;  whorls  angular,  obliquely  crenulated  on  the  angle, 
and  with  fine  revolving  wrinkled  lines;  suture  margined  beneath 
by  an  obtuse  obsolete  carina ;  beak  somewhat  produced. 

8yn.  P.  DKSNOYKKSII,  P.  HJKNINUHAUSII,  P.  RUGOSA,  Lea,  Con. 
p.  135,  130,  pi.  4,  /.  128,  129,  130. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


PLEUROTOMA  CONOIDES.     Tab.  17,  fig.  17. 

Fusiform ;  spire  conical  acute  ;  apex  obtuse ;  whorls  convex,  with 
a  few  revolving  lines,  distinct  near  the  suture,  obsolete  on  the 
wider  part  of  the  body  whorl  and  distinct  at  base ;  aperture  con- 
tracted ;  beak  short,  straight,  slightly  grooved  longitudinally. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


PLEUROTOMA  SUBEQUAL1S.     Tab.  17, /.  18. 

Fusiform ;  whorls  angular,  tuberculated  on  the  angle,  and  with 
minute  revolving  stria) ;  body  whorl  ventricoso ;  beak  rather  longer 
than  the  spire. 

Locality,     Claiborne,  Alab. 


[107] 


62 

PLEUROTOMA  ELABORATA.  Tab.  17,  /.  19.  . 

Subulate,  profoundly  cancellated,  or  with  numerous  oblique 
elliptical  nodules  caused  by  the  intersection  of  the  striae ;  beak 
short,  truncated. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  46. 


PLEUROTOMA  DEPYGIS.     Tab.  17,  fig.  20. 

Subulate ;  whorls  angulated  in  the  middle,  with  obscure  oblique 
nodules  on  the  angle  ;  revolving  lines  minute,  more  distinct  in  the 
middle  of  the  body  whorl,  which  is  slightly  ventricose ;  beak  short, 
straight,  truncated. 

Syn.     P.  LONSDALII,  Lea,  Con.  p.  132,  pi.  4,  /.  124. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Aiab. 

Differs  from  P.  nupera  in  having  a  much  shorter  beak  and  more 
elevated  spire.  No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  46. 


PLEUROTOMA  ACUTIROSTRA.     Tab.  17,  fig.  21. 

Narrow-fusiform,  with  angular  whorls,  crenulated  on  the  angle; 
suture  defined  by  a  prominent  line ;  3  distant  revolving  prominent 
lines  on  the  body  whorl  and  intermediate  fine  lines ;  beak  pro- 
duced, attenuated. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


PLEUROTOMA  GEMMATA.     Tab.  17,  fig.  22; 

Fusiform ;  whorls  slightly  concave  above,  with  prominent-tu- 
bercles on  the  angle  ;  an  obsolete  tuberculated  carina  beneath  the 
suture ;  beak  produced,  rather  shorter  than  the  spire. 

Locality,     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Some  other  small  species  of  Pleurotoma  occur  at  Claiborne, 
but  they  are  obscure  in  their  specific  characters.  One  very  small 
species,,  however,  omitted  from  the  plate,  is  well  characterized, 
and  may  be  named  P.  CALLIFERA — Fusiform,  with  distant 
obtuse  costse ;  whorls  plain  above  ;  suture  defined  by  a  prominent 
line  ;  labium  callous  above  ;  beak  very  short,  truncated . 


'[108] 


53 

FUSUS  TRABEATUS.     Tab.  18,  fig.  1. 

Subfusiform,  thin,  ventricose,  with  elevated  revolving  striae  at 
base  and  more  obscure  ones  above  ;  body  whorl  with  two  distinct 
rows  of  compressed  tubercles;  humeral  one  continued  on  the 
spire ;  whorls  angular ;  beak  produced,  flexuous ;  aperture  patulous. 

Syn.     F.  BICARINATUS,  Lea,  Contrib.  p.  146,  pi.  5,  /.  147. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

No.  3,  first  eel,  p.  20. 


FUSUS  INAURATUS.     Tab.  18,  fig.  2. 

Subfusiform,  ventricose,  smooth ;  suture  profound,  margined  be- 
neath by  a  prominent  line;  spire  short,  pointed,  with  a  crenula- 
ted  line  on  the  whorls  near  the  apex  ;  beak  flexuous. 

Syit.     F.  PITTONII,  Lea,  Con.  p.  150,  pi.  5,  fig.  156. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Allied  to  F.  Jiculneus,  Lam.  but  differs  in  having  a  less  eleva- 
ted spire,  a  marginal  carina  and  crenulations  on  the  whorls,  &c. 

No.  3,  first  ed.  p.  29. 


FUSUS  PAPILLATUS.     Tab.  18,  fig.  3. 

Fusiform ;  shoulder  with  thick  spines;  a  corresponding  approxi- 
mate series  of  obsolete  tubercles  beneath ;  spire  short,  volutions 
concave,  apex  papillated  ;  beak  long,  subcylindrical. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     Extremely  rare. 


FUSUS  LIMULUS.     Tab.  IS,  fig.  4. 

•  Fusiform,  with  revolving  lines  alternated  in  size  ;  angle  of  the 
whorls  with  thick  slightly  oblique  tubercles  ;  spire  elevated,  point- 
ed ;  beak  short,  somewhat  reflected. 

Syn.  F.  ORNATUS,  F.  ACUTUS,  Lea,  Con.  p.  148,  pi.  5,  /.  152, 
153. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  43. 


[109] 


54 

FUSUS  PERLATUS.     Tab.  18,  fig.  6. 

Short-fusiform,  ventricose,  with  revolving  raised  lines  and  nar- 
row longitudinal  costae  ;  whorls  angulated  ;  beak  short,  reflected. 
Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


FUSUS  THORACICUS.     Tab.  18,  fig.  6. 

Fusiform,  with  7  or  8  revolving  elevated  costse  on  the  body 
whorl,  and  longitudinal*  prominent- striae  ;  suture  deeply  channel- 
led ;  costse  two  on  each  whorl  of  the  spire. 

Syn.     F.  DECUSSATUS,  Lea,  Con.  p.  145,  pi.  5,  /.  146. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.     No.  3,  first  edition,  p.  29. 


FUSUS  PROTEXTUS.     Tab.  18,  fig.  7. 

Fusiform  ;  revolving  lines  prominent,  distinct ;  whorls  of  the 
spire,  except  near  the  summit,  with  longitudinal  undulations;  apex 
obtuse  or  papillated  ;  body  whorl  obscurely  biangulated,  abruptly 
contracted  inferiorly  ;  beak  straight,  much  elongated. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


FUSUS  RAPHANOIDES.     Tab.  18,  fig.  8. 

Fusiform,  entire  ;  whorls  slightly  contracted  above  ;  suture  pro- 
found ;  margined  by  an  obsolete  raised  line  ;  body  whorl  abruptly 
rounded  inferiorly  ;  aperture  suddenly  contracted  above  and  be- 
neath. 

F.  ,-aphanoides,  nob.  Journ.  Acad.  Xat.  Scien.  vol.  7,  p.  144. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Allied  to  F.  lonytevus,  Lam. 


FUSUS  IRRASUS.     Tab.  18,  fig.  10, 

Short-fusiform,  ventricose,  with  longitudinal  undulations  on 
the  body  whorl  and  costa?  on  the  spire  ;  revolving  striae  very  pro- 
minent; summit  of  the  whorls  flattened,  broadly  but  not  profoundly 


[110] 


55 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES  15,  16,  17,  18. 
PLATE  15. 


Fig.     1.  Monocerog  armigerus 

8. vcstustus 

2.  Melougena  alveata 

4.  Hostellaria  laqueata 

5. velata 

6.  Pyrula  tricarinata 

7.  Couus  sauriik-ns 


Fig.     1.  Voluta  Sayana 

2.  Voluta  pctrosa 

3.  Oliva  Aluliiiiucnsis 

4.  Oliva  bombylin 

5.  Ancillaria  tencra 

6.  Ancillaria  lymncoides 

7.  Mitra  pcrexilis 

8. fusoidcs 

9.  Voluta  prisca 

10.  Canccllaria  gcmmata 

11.  Mitra  bolaris. 


Fig.     1.  Turbinella  pnutenuis 

2.  Siliquaria  vitis 

•     3.  Solarium  ulveatum 

4. flaboratum 

5. exacuum 

0. stalagmium. 

7. funginum 

8. amoinuiu 

9. patulum 

10. tricostatuui 

11. cancellatum 


Fig.      1.  FUSUS    tr;il if; i tits 

2. iuauratus 

3. papillatus 

4. —  limulus 

5.  perlatus 

6. tlioraeicuM 

7.  protextus 

8.  raphunoitles 


Fig. 


8.  Emarginula  arata 

9.  Fissurellatenebrosa 

10.  Dentalium  thalloidea 

11.  Turritella  Mortoni 

12.  Turritella  obruta 
18.  Turritella  vctusta 
14.  Bullagalba 


PLATE  16. 


12.  Marginella  larvata 

13. crassilabra 

14. humcrosa 

15. constricta 

16. columba 

17.  Crcpiilula  lirata. 

18.  lufuiulibulum  thochiformis 

19.  Cancellaria  alveata 

20.  Crepidula  dumosa 

21.  Mitra  puctilis 


PLATE  17. 

Fig.  12.  Solarium  lineatum 
13.  Pleurotoma  alteruata 
14. 


16. 

17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
82. 

nupcra 

subequalis 

acutirostra 
gemmata 

PLATE  18. 

Fig. 


9.  liauellu  Maclurii 

10.  Fusus  irrasus 

11.  bellus 

12.  thalloides 

13.  '  salebrosus 

14. stamiueus 

15. Cooperi 


[in] 


channelled  ;.  suture  not  impressed  ;  beak  tapering,  nearly  straight. 
F.  irrasus,  nob.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  vol.  7,  p.  145. 
Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 


FUSUS  BELLUS.     Tab;  18,  fig.  11. 

Fusiform,  with  revolving  prominent  very  regular  striae,  and 
longitudinal  rather  narrow  regular  costse ;  spire  elevated,  pointed ; 
beak  short,  slightly  reflected  ;  submargin  of  the  labrum  thickened 
and  with  short  elevated  lines  within;  margin  waved. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

The  regularity  of  the  ribs  and  stria3  give  this  shell  a  beutiful 
appearance  which  is  heightened  by  the  symmetry  of  its  form. 

No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  43. 


FUSUS  THALLOIDES.     Tab.  18,  fig.  12. 

Narrow-fusiform,  with  rather  distant  spiral  elevated  striae ; 
spire  subulate,  elongated,  superior  whorls  with  obscure  longitudi- 
nal undulations  ;  aperture  small,  elliptical ;  labium  reflected  ;  beak 
straight,  channel  contracted. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab.         No.  4,  first  ed.  p.  43. 


FUSUS  SALEBROSUS.     Tab.  18,  fig.  13. 

Fusiform,  elongated  ;  whorls  concave  above,  and  with  obtuse 
nodes  inferiorly  ;  revolving  lines  fine  and  raised  ;  body  whorl  sud- 
denly contracted  at  base ;  apex  obtuse ;  beak  slightly  flexuous, 
rather  longer  than  the  spire. 

F.  salebrosus,  nob.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  vol.  7,  p.  145. 

Locality.     Claiborne,  Alab. 

Allied  to  F.  protextus,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  the  undu- 
lations on  the  body  whorl. 


[112] 


W 


IS. 


7 


_^ 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  10. 

(See  page  8.) 

Pig.        Name  of  Species.  .  Where  Described. 

1.  Cytherea  uuttallii*  Con Jr.  Phila.  Ac,   Nat.  8c.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  7, 

1834,  p.  149. 

2.  Astarte  tellenoides  Con ~  Am.  Jr.  8c.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  28,  1833,  p.  842 

3.  Corbula  oniscus  Con -..__-  "            "              "              "       841 

4.  Corbula  nasuta  Con _ FOB.  Bh.  Ter.  Form.,  1838,  p.  88,  p.  [60J 

5.  Corbis  lamollosaLam An.  sans  Vert.,  vol.  5,  p.  587. 

6.  Corbis  undataf  Con ...  Fos.  Sh.  Tcr.  Form.,  1833,  p.  41,  p.  [07] 

7.  Lutraria  papyria  Con 

8.  Mactra  parilis  Con.  —.—__. 43       [68] 

9.  Mactra  prrctenuis  Con " 

10.  Erycina  rectilinearis  Con. 

11.  Erycina  aequorea  Con "  "  " 

12.  Amphidesma  telliuula  Con. .- Mentioned     in    App.    to    Mort's     8yn. 

Org.    Rein.,    1834,     p.    8.     Described 
Am.  Jr.    8c.,    2d   ser.,    vol.    1,    1846, 
'.;  p.  397.  pi.  4,  fig.  5. 

18.  Amphidesma  linosa  Con. Foss.  Sh.  Ter.  Form.,  1833,  p.  42,  p.  [68] 

14.  Amphidesma  profunda  Con Merely  mentioned  on   p.  8,   App.   Mort. 

Syn,Org.  Kern.,  1884. 

*Not  naiiUHl  on  the  original  plate. 
tWrtttoa  "  undulutu"  OH  the  plate. 


[115] 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  20. 
(See  page  8.) 

Fijr.         Name  of  Species.  Where  Described. 

1.  Cytherea  mortoni  Con Jr.  Phila.  Ac.  Nat.  8c.,  Ut  §er.,  vol.  7, 

1H5M,  p,  150, 

3.  Cytheroa  dUooidalU  (!on ...      Few.  Hli.  Tor.  Form.,  1H88,  p.  87,  p.  [50] 

3. Gratcluptu  hydana  Con "  "  "       p,  8«,  p.  [58] 

(Describod  as  a  Cythcn-ii) 

4.  Cytlicrca  perovatu  Con ...      Fos.  Sh.  Tor.  Fiwm.,  1HSJ8,  p.  87,  p,  [59] 

5.  Cytherea  al-quorca  Con ,.  MI  P-  t58! 

6.  Cytherea  subcimsa  Lea. ..._ Cont.  to  Geol.,  1838,  p.  67,  pi.  2,  flg.  43. 

7.  Cytherea  poulsoni  Con....... FOSB.  Sh.  Ter.  Form.,  1H33,  p.  36,  p.  [58] 


[110] 


Mute  'JO. 


INDEX, 


Acteon  costellatus,  p.  45,  p.  [71]. 
"      Idoneus,  p.  45,  p.  [71]. 
"      porailius,  p.  45,  p.  [71]. 
Amphidesma  linosa,  p.   42,  p.  [68],  pi.  10, 

fig.  18. 

profunda,  pi.  19,  fig.  14. 
tellinula,  pi.  19,  flg.  12. 
Ancillaria  altjle,  p.   24,  pi.   10,  flg.  2,  p. 

[42]. 

cunalifera,  p.  25,  p.  [43]. 
•':,  '*L'J     lymueoides,  p.  44,  p.  [70]. 

2d  ed.,  p.  42,  pi.  16,  flg.  6,  p. 

f--    [«*]• 

seamba,  p.  25,  pi.  10,  flg.  4,  p. 

m> 

•subglobosa  p.  25,  pi.  10,  flg.  3, 

P-  [43]. 
;••**'-:!'.'      Btaminea,  p.  25,  pi.  10,  fig.  5,  p. 

[43]. 
tenera,  2d  ed.,  p  42,  pi.  16,  flg. 

5,  p.  [98], 

Area  centenaria,  p.  16,  pi.  1,  flg.  4,  p.  [30J. 
"    cuculloidcs,  p.  87,  p.  [59], 
"    idonea,  p.  16,  pi.  1,  fig.  5,  p.  [30]. 
"    Incile.p.  16,  pi.  2,  fig  1,  p.  [30]. 
11    incongrua,  p.  16,  p.  [80].  ;    . 

"    limula,  p.  15,  pi.  1,  fig.  1,  p.  [29]. 
"    nodosa,  p.  16,  p.  [80]. 
£•«*;*  transversa,  pp.  vl.,   15,  pi.  1,  flg.  2, 

pp.  [22  and  29]. 

"    stillicidium,  p.  15,  pi.  1,  flg.  3,  p.  [29]. 
Artemis  acetabulum,  p.  20,  pi.  6,  flg.  1,  p. 

[34]. 

Astarte  callosa,  p.  38,  p.  [60]. 
"      proruta,  p.  88,  p.  [60]. 
"      tellenoides,  p.  88,  p.  [60],  pi.  19,  flg.  2. 
Avicula  limula,  p.  89,  p.  [65]. 

"       trigona,  2d  ed.,  p.  34,  p.  [90]. 


•  B 

Buccinum  altile,  p.  19,  pi.  4,  flg.  6,  p.  [83], 

t  uinu'iiuin,  p.  45,  p.  [71]. 
"         laqueatura,  p.   19,   pi.   4,  flg.  5, 

p.  [33]. 
perlatum,  p.  45,  p.  [71],  ^ 

[117] 


Euccinum  porcinum,  p.  19,  pi.  4,  flg.  4,p.[83]. 

prorsum,  p.  45,  p.  [71]. 
"          sagenum,  p.  34,  p.  [56]. 
Hul  1m us  terebellatus,  2d  ed.,  p.  34,  p.  [90], 
Bulla  constricta,  2d  ed.,  p.  41.  p.  [97]. 
"     galba,2ded.,p.40,pl.!5,flg.  14,p  [96]. 
"     St.  Hilairii,  2d  ed.,  p.  40,  p.  [96]. 


Calyptrea  trochiformis,  2d  ed.,  pp.   34  and 

46,  pp.  [82,  90,  102], 
Cancellaria  alveata,  p.  45,  p.  [71];  2d  ed.,  p. 

44,  pi.  16,  flg.  19,  p.  [100]. 
"         babylonica,2ded.,p.44,  p.  [100]. 
"         costata,  2d  ed.,  p.  44,  p.  [100], 
"          elevata,  2d  ed.,  p.  44,  p.  [100]. 
"          gemmata,  p.  85,  p.  [57];  2d  ed., 
p.  44,  pi.  16,  flg.  10,  p.  [100]. 
"          inultiplicata,   2d   ed.,    p.  44,  p. 

[100]. 

"         parva,  2d  ed.,  p.  44,  p.  [100]. 
"          sculpturata,2ded.,p.  44,  p.  [100]. 
"          tessellata,  2d  ed.,  p.  44,  p.  [100]. 
Cardita  planicosta,  p.  20,  p.  [34],  pi.  5,  flg.  2; 
2d  ed.,   pp.  30,   34,  35,  pp.    [78, 
82,  83]. 

Cassis  nuperus,  p.  46,  p.  [72]. 
Cerit liium  gigauteum,  p.  iv..  p.  [20]. 

"        ?striatum,  2d  ed.,  p.  40,  p.  [96]. 
Conus  sauridens,  p.  88,  p.  [55];  2d  ed.,  p. 

88,  pi.  15,  fig.  7,  p.  [94]. 
Corbis  distans,  p.  41,  p.  [67]. 

".    lamellosa,  p.  41,  p.   [67]  ;  2d  ed.,  p. 

84,  pi.  19,  fig.  5,  p.  [90]. 
"     undata,  p.  41,  p.  [67]. 
"      undulata,  pi.  19,  fig.  6. 
Corbula  angustuta,  p.  24,  p.  [42], 

"      nasuta,  p.  38,  p.  [60],  pi.  19,  fig.  4. 
$k|p?  oniscus,  pi.  19,'  flg.  3. 
Crassatella  alta,  p.  21,  pi.  7,  p.  [89]. 
"        compressa,  p.  23,  p.  [41]. 
"        marylandica,  pp.  22  and  23,  pi.  8, 

fig.  1,  p.  [40]. 

"  melina,  p.  23,  pi.  9,  fig.  2,  p.  [41]. 
protexta,  p.  22,  pi.  8,  fig.  2,p.[40]. 
tumida,  p.  21,  p.  [39]. 


Crassatella  undulata,  p.    28,   pi.  9,  fig.  1, 

P.  [«]. 

Crepidula  cornu-arietis,  2ded.,  p.  40,  p.[103]. 
"      costata,  3d  ed.,  p.  46,  p.  [102]; 
"      dumosa,  2d  ed.,  p.  46,  pi.  16,  fig. 

20,  p.  [102]. 
"       Jtrata,   3d  ed.,  p.  46,  pi.   Hi.  fig. 

17,  p.  [102]. 

Cucullaea  gtgautea,  2d  ed.,  p.  30,  p.  [86]. 
Cypricardia  arata,  p.  20,  pi.  5,  fig.  1,  p.  [34]. 
Cytherea  aequorea,  p. 86.  pi.  20,  fig.  5,  p. [58]. 
"      concentrica,  p.  20,  p.  [34]. 
"      discoidalis,  p.   37,  pi.  20,  fig.  2,  p. 

[50]. 

erycinoides,  2d  ed.,  p.  34. 
"      hydaha,  p.  86,  p.  [5H].  • 

"      mortpni,  pi.  20,  fig.  1. 
44      nuldllii,  pi.  19,  fig.  1. 
"      perotata,  p.  87,  pi.  20,  fig.  4, p.  [59]. 
••      poulsoni,  p.  86,  pi.  20,  fig.  7.  p.  [58]. 
"      sayana,  p.  36,  p.  [58]. 
"      subcrassa,  pi.  20,  fig.  6. 
"      suberycinoides,  2d  ed.,  pp.  33,  34. 

D 

Pelphinulu  plana,  2d  ed.,  p.  48,  p.  [104]. 
Deiitalium  altcrnatum,  p.  39,  p.  [!>.">]. 

thalloides,  p.  84,  p.  [56] ;  2ded., 

81),  pi.  15,  fig.  10,  p.  [tt3]. 
Ponax  limatula,  p.  42,  p.  [68]. 

E 

Emarglnula  arata,  p.  44.  p.  [70] ;  2d  ud.,  p. 

39,  pi.  15,  fig.  8,  p.  [95], 
Erycina  aequorea,  p.  42,  pi.  19, fig.  11.  p. [08]. 
"      rectiliuearis,  p.  42,  pi.  19,  tig.  10,  p. 

[68]. 
Exogyra  costuta,  2d  ed.,  p.  29. 


FUBUS  exilis,  p.  1 7,  pi.  8,  fig.  3.  p.  [81]. 

««•    explicate,  p.  48,  p.  [69]. 
'  "      ficulneus,  3d  ed.,  p.  58,  p.  [109]. 
•f      fittonii,  24  ed.,  p.  58,  p.  fl09]. 
"      ijmuratuB,  p.  29,  p.  [51]  ;  2d  ed.,  p. 

58,  pi.  18,  fig.  3,  p.  [109]. 
••      irrasus,  2d  ed.,  p.  54,  pi.  18,  fig.  10, 

p.  [110]. 
"      ItwuluB,  p.  48,  p.  [69] ;  2d  ed.,  p.  58, 

pi.  18,  fig.  4.  p.  [109]. 
"      longwvuB,  2d  ed.,  p.  54,  p.  [110]. 
"      ornatus,  2d  ed.,  p.  53,  p.  [109]. 
.  "      papillatus,  p.  29,  p.  [51]  ;  2d  ed.,  p. 

58.  pi.  18,  fig.  8,  p.  [109j. 

"      parilis,  p.  18,  pi.  4,  fig.  2,  p.  [33]. 

"  ••      perlatus,2d  ed.,  p.  54.  pi.   18,  [fig.  5, 

p.  [110]. 

"      prorutus,  p.  48,  p.  [69]. 
•":*,*      proscissus,  p.  48,  p.  [69]. 
:  •*      protextus,  p.  43,  p.  [69]  ;  2d  ed.,  pp. 

54  and  56,  pi.  18,  fig.  7,  p.  [110]. 
'*      quudricostatus,  p.  30,  p.  [52]. 
.-•/•-      ranelloides,  p.  43,  p.  [69]. 

"       rapliauuides,  2d  ed..  p.  54,  pi.  18,  fig. 

8,  p.  [110]. 

••      rusticus,  p.  1 8,  pi.  4,  fig.  1,  p.  [83]. 
"      salebrosus,   2d  ed.,  p.  56,  pi.   18,  fig. 

14,  p.  [112]. 

"       stamineus,  p.  48,  p.  [69]. 
"      strumosus,  p.  18,  pi.  3,  fig.  4,  p.  [32]. 
••      sulcosus,  p.  IS,. pi.  3,  fig.  3,  p.  [32]. 
"      taitii,  p.  37  of  2d  ed.,  p.  [08]. 
"      tetricua,  p.  18,  pi.  3,  fig.  6,  p.  [82]. 
•  ••      tUallo'ides,  p.  48,  p.   [69]  ;  2d  ed.,  p. 

56,  pi.  18,  fig  12,  p.  [112]. 
"'  *•;     thoraeicus,  p.  80,  p.  [52]  j  3d  ed.,  p. 

54,  pi.  18,  fig.  6,  p.  [110]. 
'•/.-•V     trabeatus.   p.   29,  p.   [51];  2d  ed.,  p. 

58,  pi.  18,  fig.  1,  p.  [109]. 
J>*      trossullus,  p.  1 8,  pi.  3,  fig.  5,  p.  [82]. 


Fissurellaclalbornensis,  2d  ed.,  p.  89,  p.  [95]. 
tenebrosa,  p.  33,  p.  [55]  ;  2d  ed., 

p.  39,  pi.  15,  fig.  9,  p.  [95]. 
Fistulana  elongata,  2d  ed.,  p.  84. 
Fusus  acutus,  2d  ed.',  p.  53,  p.  [109]. 

altilis,  p.  48,  p.  [«»]. 
"      bellus,  p.  43,  p.  [69]  ;  2d  ed.,  p.  56, 

pi.  18,  fig.  11,  p.  [112]. 
"      bicarinatus,  3d  ed.,  p.  53,  p.  [109]. 
"      cinereus,  p.  19,  pi.  4,  fig.  3,  p.  [33]. 
"      decisus,  p.  48,  p.  [69]. 
"      decussatus,  2d  ed.,  p.  54,  p.  [110]. 

[118] 


Gralelupia  hydaua,  pi.  20,  fig.  3. 
(See  Cytherea.) 


lufundibulum  echinulatum,  2d  ed.,  p.  46, 
•  p.  [102]. 
spinulosum,  2d  ed.,  p.  46,  p. 

[102]. 

trochiformia,   3d  ed.,  p.   46, 
pi.  16,  fig.  16,  p.  [102]. 


lufundibuluui  tuberculatum,  2d  ed.,   p.  46, 

p.  [102].    • 

urticoaum,  p.  82,  p.  [54];  3d 
ed.,  p.  46,  p.  [102]. 


LUtorin'u  antiquata,  p.  85,  p.  [57]. 
Luclna  acclinis,  p.  21,  pi.  6,  fig.  2,  p.  [89]. 

alveata,  p.  40,  p.  [66]. 

carinifera,  p.  40,  p.  [66]. 

contracta,  p.  vii.,  p.  [17]. 

divaricate,  p.  vii.,  p.  [17]. 

dolabra,  p.  40,  p.  [66]. 

inuiubilis,  p.  40,  p.  | (Hi |. 

pandata,  p.  40,  p.  [66]. 

pomilia,  p.  40,  p.  [66]. 

Hiibyexa,  p.  40,  p.  [66], 
'      symmetrica,  p.  40.  p.  [66]. 
Lutrariu  papyrla,  p.  41,  p.   [67];  2d.ed.,  pi. 
19,  tig.  7. 

M 

Mactra  decisa,  p.  42,  p.  [68]. 

44     delumbis,  p.  20,  pi.  11,  p.  [44]. 
"     lateralis,  pp.  vi.,  vii.,  pp.  [17 aud 22]. 
"     parilis,  p.  A2,  p.  [68],  pi.  19,  fig.  8. 
"      priL'teuuis,  p.  42,  pi.  19,  fig.  9,  p.  [68]. 
14     lellinoidus,  p.  vii.,  p.  [17J. 
Marginella  anatiua,  3d  ed.,  p.  45,  p.  [101]. 
44         columbu,  3d  ed.,   p.   45,  pi.  16, 

fig.  16,  p.  [101]. 
"        coustricta,  3d  ed.,  p.  40,  pi.  16, 

tig.  15,  p.  [103]. 
"        crassilabra,  p.  88,  p.  [55];  3d  ed., 

p.  45,  pi.  13,  tig.  13,  p.  [101]. 
".        humerosa,  2ded.,  p.  45,  pi.  16, 

tig.  14,  p.  [101]. 
"        larvata,  p.  88,  p.  [55];  3d  ed.,  p. 

45,  pi.  16,  tig.  12,  p.  [101]. 
"        ovuta,  p.  45;  3d  od  ,  p.  [101]. 
"         Hcmcii,  p.  45;  3d  ud.,  p.  [101]. 
Melania  vetustu,  p.  85,  p.  [57]. 
Melongena  alveata,  3d  ed.,  p.  87,  pi.  15,  fig. 

3,  p.  [93]. 

44      ?  armigera,  p.  80,  p.  [53]. 
Mitra  bolaris,  p.  84,  p.  [56];  3d  ed.,  p.  48, 

pi.  16,  tig.  11,  p.  [99]. 
"     doliata,  p.  34,  p.  [56]. 
"     fleroingii,  3d  ed.,  p.  43,  p.  [99]. 
44     fusoidus,  3ded.,  p.  42,  pi.  16,  fig.  8, 

p.  [98]. 
"     humboldtii,  3d  ed.,  p.  43,  p.  [99]. 


Mitra  pactilis,  p.  46,  p.  [72];  2d  ed.,  p.  48, 

pi.  16,  fig.  21,  p.  [99], 
"     perexilis,  p.  46,  p.  [72];  2ded.,  p.  42, 

pi.   16,  fig  7.  p.  [98]. 
Monoceros  armigera,  p.  44,  p.  [70];  2d  ed., 

p.  87,  pi.  15,  fig.  1,  p.  [93]. 
44        pyniloidcs,  3d  ed.,  p.  87,  p.  [98]. 
vetuHtus,  p.  44,  p.  [70];  3d  ed.,  p. 

87,  pi.  15,  p.  3,  p.  [98]. 
Monoptygma  alabamiensis,2d  ed.,p.42,p.[98]. 
Murex  engonatus,  p.  80,  p.  [52]. 
44       minax,  2d  ed.,  p.  87,  p.  [98]. 

umbrifer,  p.  J  7,  pi.  3,  fig.  1,  p.  [31]. 


Naasa  trivittuta,  vi.,  p.  [22]. 
Natica  ajtites,  p.  4«,  p.  [72]. 

"      eborea,  p.  40,  p.  [72]. 

"      eminula,  p.  46,  p.  [72], 

"      limula,  p.  46,  p.  [72]. 
Nucula  equalis,  p.  46,  p.  [72]. 

"      liraatula,  vii.,  p.  [17]. 

"       magnifica,  p.,87,  p.  [59]. 
opulenta,  p.  46,  p.  [72], 

"      proxima,  p.  vii.,  p.  [17], 

O 

.Oliva  alubameiisis,  p.  82,  p.   [fi4];  3d  ed.,  p, 

41,  pi.  16,  fig.  3,  p.  [97]. 

"     bombyiis,   p.   82,  p.   [54];  2d  ed.,  p. 

42,  pi.  16,  fig.  4,  p.  [98]. 

"     clavula,  p.  42  ;  3d  ed.,  p.  [98]. 
"     constricta,  3d  ed.,  p.  42,  p.  [98]. 
"    -dubia,  2d  ed.,  p.  41,  p.  [97]. 
"     gracilis,  2d  ed.,  p.  41,  p.  [97]. 
"     grecnougUi,  2d  ed.,  p.  41,  p.  [97]. 
"     minima?,  3d  ed.,  p.  45,  p.  [101]. 
•'     pbillipsii,  p.  41  of  3d  ed.,  p.  [97]. 
Ostrea  bellovacina,  p.  v.,  p.  [21]. 

"     carolinenKis,  p.  27,  pi.  14,  tig.  1,  p.  [45]. 
"     compressirostra,  p.  v.,  27  ;  2d  ed.,  p. 

30,  pp.  [31,  45,  78  aud  86]. 
"     georgiana,  3d  ed.,  pp.  21),  81,  pp.  [85 

and  87]. 

41     gigantissimi,  3d  ed.,  p.  39,  pp.  [77,  85]. 
•"     longirostris,  3d  ed.,  p.  39,  pp.  [77,  85]. 
"     radians,  p.  27,  pi.  13,  fig.  1,  p.  [45], 
44     selht-formis,  p.   27,  pi.   13,  tig.  3,  p. 

[45],  and  3ded.,  pp.  39,  84,  pp.  [77, 

83]. 
;'!.,'>*•«     virginiana,  p.  33,  p.  [41]. 


[119] 


Ostrea  virginiana,  var.,   p.  28,  pi.  14,  fi{ 

p.  [46]. 
"     virgiuica,  pp.  vi.,  28,  pp.  [22,  46]. 


Pecten  madisonius,  p.  23,  p.  [41]. 
Pectunculus  aviculoides,  p.  89,  p.  [65]. 
corbuloides,  p.  40,  p.  [66], 
decism,  p.  81),  p.  [65]. 
declivis,  p.  89,  p.  [65]. 
glycimeris,  p.  17,  p.  [31]. 
idoneus,  p.  39,  p.  [65]. 
"          pulvinatus,  p.   17,  pi.  2,  fig.  2, 

p.  [31]. 
"          subovatus,  p.  17,  pi.  2,  fig.  8, 

p.  [31]. 

variabilis?,  p.  17,  p.  [31]. 
Perua  maxillata,  p.  23,  p.  [41]. 
Pholas  costata,  p.  vi.,  p.  [22]. 
Pholadomya  abrupta,  p.  20,  pi.  12,  p.  [44]. 
PlagioBtoma  dumosum,  2d  ed.,  p.  34,  pp.  [82, 

90]. 
Pleurotoma  acutirostra,  2d  cd.,  p.  52,  pi.  17, 

fig.  21,  p.  [108]. 

"  altcrnula,  p.  46,  p.  [72];  2d  ed., 

p.  50,  pi.  17,  fig.  13,  p.  [106]. 

caelata,  2d  ed.,  p.  50,  p.  [106]. 

callifera,  2d  ed.,p.  52,  p.  [108]. 

cancellata,  2d  ed.,  p.  39,  p.  [95]. 

"  conoides,   2d  ed.,  p.  51,  pi.  17, 

fig.  17,  p.  [107]. 

desnoyersii,  2d  ed.,  p.  51,  p.  [107]. 
dentata,  2dcd.>  p.  50,  p.  [106]. 
depygis,  p.  4G,  p.  [72 1;  2d  ed.,  p. 

52,  pi.  17,  fig.  20,  p.  [108]. 
elaborata,  p.  40,  p.  [72];  2d  ed., 
p.  52,  pi.  17.  fig.  19,  p.  [108]. 
"  gemmata,   p.  52;2ded.,pl  17, 

fig.  22,  p.  [108]. 
"  hu'ninghausii,  2d  ed.,  p.  51,  p. 

[107]. 

lesuerii,  2d  ed.,  p.  50,  p.  [106}. 
lonsdalii,  2d  ed.,  p.  52,  p.  [108]. 
"          nupera,  p.  40,  p.  [72]  ;  2d  ed., 
pp.   51,  52,  pi.  17,  fig.  16,  p. 
[107]. 

prisca,  2d  ed.,  p.  51,  p.  [107]. 
"  proruta,  2ded.,   p.   51,   pi.    17, 

fig.  15,  p.  [107]. 
rugosa,  2d  ed.,  p.  51,  p.  [107]. 
subequalis,  p.  51  ;  2d  ed.,  pi.  17, 
fig.  18,  p.  [107]. 

[120] 


.  2,      Pleurotoma  tabulata,  p.  46,  p.  [72];  2d  ed., 
p.  50,  pi.  17,  fig.  14,  p.  [106], 
.  Plicatula  filamentosa,  p.  83,  p.  [60]. 
Psammobia  eborea,  p.  42,  p.  [68]. 
filosa,  p.  42,  p.  [68]. 
Pyraraidella  larvata,  p.  40,  p.  [72]. 
Pyrula  elegantissima,  2d  ed.,p.  89,  p.  [95]. 
"     penita,  p.  32,  p.  [54];  2d  ed.,  p.  89, 

p.  [95]. 

"       8mithii,2ded.,p.  37,  p.  [93]. 
"      sulcosa,  p.  18,  p.  [32]. 
"       tricarinata,  2d  ed.,  pp.  34,  88,  pi.  15, 
fig.  6,  p.  [94]. 


R 

Itanella  caudata,  p.  vi.,  p.  [22]. 
Uostellaria  cuvieri,  p.  38;  2d  cd.,  p.  [94]. 
"         laqueata,   p.  4 1,  p.  [67];  2dod., 

p.  38,  pi.  15,  fig.  4,  p.  [U4]. 

velata,  p.  31,  p.  [53];2d  ed.,  pp. 

38,  41,  pi.  15,  tig.  5,  p.  [94]. 


Scalaria  nassula.  p.  31,  p.  [53]. 
sessilis,  p.  45,  p.  [71]. 
Scutella  lyelli,  2d  ed.,  p.  32,  p.  [80]. 

"       quinquajfara,  2d  ed.,  p.  31,  p.  [79].' 
Solarium  alveatum,  p.  31,  p.  [53J;2ded.,  p. 

47,  pi.  17,  tig.  8,  p.  [103]. 
"         anuimum-,  p.  44,  p.  [70]. 
"•        antrosum,  p.  31,  p.  [53]. 
"         uxacuum,  p.  44,  p.  [70]. 

bilineatum,  2d  ed.,  p.  47,  p.  [103]. 
"  '      c mi ;i lie ul ut urn,  2d  ed.,   p.  34,  pp. 

[82,  90]. 
"         cancellatum,  p.  40;  2d  ed.,  pi.  17, 

fig.  11,  p.  [105]. 
"         elaboratura,  2d  ed.,  p.  47,  pi.  17, 

fig.  4,  p.  [103]. 

elegans,  2ded.,  p.  48,  p.  [104]. 
"         exacuum,  2d  ed.,  p,  48,  pi.  i7,fig. 

5,  p.  [104]. 
funginum,   p.  44,  p.  [70];  2d  ed., 

p.  48,  pi.  17,  fig.  7,  p.  [104]. 
"         granulatum,  2d  ed.,  p.  50,  p.  [106]. 

henrici,  2d  ed.,  p.  49,  p.  [105]. 
"         lineatum,  2ded.,  p.  50,  pi.  17, fig. 

12,  p.  [106]. 

patulum,  2d  ed.,  p.  34,  p.  [82],  p. 
•        49,  pi.  17,  fig.  9,  p.  [105]. 
"         scrobiculatum,  p.  44,  p.  [70]. 
•    "         stalagmium,  p.  44,  p.  [70];  2ded., 


p.  4&,  pi.  17,  fig.  6,  p.  [104]. 
Solarium  tricostatum,  2d  ed.,  p.  50,  pi.  17,. 

fig.  10,  p.  [106]. 
Bigaretus  arctatus,  p.  45,  p.  [71]. 

"        canaliculatus,  2d  ed.,  p.  34,  pp. 

[82,  90]. 

declivis,  p.  45,  p.  [71]. 
Siliquaria  claibornensis,  2d  ed.,p.  47,  p. [108]. 
vitis,   p.  86,  p.   [58];  2d  ed.,  p. 

4 7,  pi.  17,  fig.  2,  p. [103]. 
Stalagmium  margarataceum,  p.  89,  p.  [65]. 


Tellina  alta,  p.  41,p.[67]. 

"    papyria,  p.  41,  p.  [67]. 
Turbinella  piu'tenuis,  p.  45,  p.  [71];  2d  ed., 
.:'-*--:      P.  44,  pi.  17,  fig.  1,  p.  [100]. 
"         prisca,  p.  45,  p.  [71]. 

pyruloides,  p.  24,  p.  [42],  pi.  10. 

fig.  1;  2ded.,  p.  44,  p.  [100]. 
Turbo  lineatus,  3d  ed.,  p.  50,  p.  [106]. 
Turritella  carinata,  3d  cd.,  p.  40,  p.  [96]. 
lineata,  2d  ed.,  p.  40,  p.  [96]. 
"        mortoni,  2d  ed.,  p.  40,  pi.  15,  fig. 
'   11,  p.  [96]. 
melanoides,  3d  cd.,  p.  40,  p.  [96]. 


Turritella  obruta,  p.  46,  p.  [71];  2d  ed.,  p 

40,  pi.  15,  fig.  12,  p.  [96]. 
"        vetusta,  2d  ed.,  p.   40,  pi.  15,  fig 
13,  p.  [96]. 


Venericardia  planicosta,  pp.  vi.,  20,  p.  [84]. 
Venus  pectiiiata,  p.  21,  p.  [89]. 
Voluta  cooperii,  2d  ed.,  p.  43,  p.  [99]. 
"      defrancii,  2d  ed.,  p.  41,  p.  [97]. 
"      gracilis,  2d  ed.,  p.  41,  p.  [97]: 
"      luctator,  p.  29,  p.  [51];  2d  ed.,  p.  41, 

p.  [97]. 

44      parkinsoni,  2d  ed.,  p.  43,  p.  [99]. 
"      parva,  2d  ed.,  p.  41,  p.  [97]. 
"      petrosa,  p.  29,  p.  [51];  2d  ed.,p.  41, 

pi.  16,  fig.  2,  p.  [97]. 
"      prisca,  2d  ed.,  p.   48,  pi.   16,  fig.  9, 

p.  [99]. 
"      sayana,  p.  29,  p.  [51];  2d  cd.,  p.  41, 

pi.  16,  fig.  1,  p.  [97]. 
"      apinosa,  p.  41  of  2d  ed.,  p.  [97]. 
"      vanuxcmi,  p.  41  of  2d  ed.,  p.  [97]. 
Volvaria  galba,  p.  84,  p.  [56];  2d  ed.,  p.  41, 
p.  [97]. 


[121] 


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DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 


3  1175019094807 


N9  331014 

QE801 
Conrad,  T.A. 

Republic at ion  of 
Conrad1 s  Fossil  shells 
of  the  Tertiary  forma- 
tions of  North  America. 


331014 


Conrad,  T.A. 

Republication  of 
Conrad's  Fossil  shells 


Call  Number: 
QE801 

C65 


PHYSICAL 
SCIENCES 
LIBRARY 


LIBRARY  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  OAV 


